Pros And Cons Of Adult Learning - 1859 Words

Usually when we learn something new we tend to distinctly look at it from two different aspects: analysing its logic and variables, and this is exactly the role behind a theory where a set of concepts and definitions explains or predict a situation by specifying logic and variables (Edwards, 2005). Edwards argue that when we deeply engage with a theory we are now theorizing as a practise, where we involve abstractions, contemplation, critical engagement, and imagination to make sense of the theory. Donovan Plumb and Michael Walton, following Hebermas theory, they argue that adult learning requires three humankind theories that we can never neglect, and they are technical, humanist and critical. They argue that those three theories should†¦show more content†¦It has been used in many situations that call for behaviour modification. These modification methods are taught to adults who will use them to change their own behaviour when they wish to lose weight, quit smoking, or al ter another aspect of how they behave. However, when it comes to the learning approach, behaviourism has many limitations. Proponents of this method would agree that the only evidence we have or require of a learner gaining knowledge is from observing their behaviour. To them, a learner has learned something if he or she can do the task after instruction that they could not do before. Learning is seen as an end product that takes place as a result of reinforcement or operant conditioning (Hiemstra, 1994). Learning is viewed as an impact on behaviour, attitude, assumptions, confidence and world view of the learner, thus one can discover that behaviourism and the humanistic approach have several elements in common. Now I would like to go in depth and talk to you a little bit more about humanistic vs. behaviouristic. Both the behaviouristic and the humanistic approaches believe the self-directed learning style. Humanism takes this idea one step further and requires that an individual must take responsibility for their learning, and that this can be applied to the instructional process. To a humanist, the process of learning, and learning how to learn, becomes more important than the outcome. Humanists would say that the assumptionShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Type Is Best?1264 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch of the stem cell issue, I am qualified to speak about the pros and cons of using embryonic stem cells and umbilical (adult) cord stem cells. E. Purpose and Preview: I am here to present the pros and cons of embryonic stem cells verses umbilical (adult) stem cells. First, I will explain what a stem cell is. Second, I will give the pros and cons of embryonic cell use. And third, I will give the pros and cons of umbilical (adult) stem cell use. 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Unions And The Freedom Of Collective Bargaining - 924 Words

â€Å"Right-to-Work provides no ‘rights’ and no ‘work’...It’s purpose is to destroy labor unions and the freedom of collective bargaining†(Martin Luther King). The roots of labor unions in the United States dates back to the late 18th Century, when skilled craftsmen joined forces against low product prices. Since then, labor unions have been practical to both the economy and the people which it employes. It has allowed laborers to make great strides in the protection of rights in their work. It has also increased wages, causing a strengthening of the middle class. Because of the benefits to the workers, an increase in wages, making a stronger middle class , and its historic success for the economy in struggling times , unionization is generally a better option than non-unionization. The essential reason why unions exist is for the benefits of its workers. Throughout the history of the United States labor unions have been created to protect the working class from harsh conditions and low wages. For example, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed to lobby to raise the workers’ wages, and improve the conditions in which they worked. â€Å"But more important in the long run was the permanent stamp that the AFL made on the American labour movement...and the objective of trade unionism became exclusively the incremental achievement of higher wages and better working conditions† (Organized Labour). During and after the Industrial Revolution, as portrayed in The JungleShow MoreRelatedLabor Unions And The Freedom Of Collective Bargaining1887 Words   |  8 Pageslaw to rob us of our civil rights and job rights. Its purpose is to destroy labor unions and the freedom of collective bargaining†¦ We demand this fraud be stopped† (Martin Luthe r King Jr. On Right To Work : We Demand This Fraud Be Stopped 1). The right to work law makes it so no employee can be forced to be in a labor union; therefore, it gives them the choice to be in a labor union or not to be in a labor union without it effecting them (â€Å"Right to Work Frequently-Asked Questions† 1). The rightRead MoreUnions and The Collective Bargaining: Is it Beneficial? Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesUnions and The collective Bargaining: Is it Beneficial? Being a part of a group or an association that you pay into as a worker should have benefits that can help you continue to improve their lives. The benefit of having someone speak up for you could be better pay, better health benefits, and being better treated in the work place. Collective bargaining, while not being a guarantee, can help gain these benefits. 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The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1894 established principles of; wage fixing through conciliation and arbitration; multi-employer awards; blanket coverage of conditions; compulsory union membership; and compulsory arbitration. This system served New Zealand for almost a century withRead MoreThe Future Of The Labor Union1274 Words   |  6 Pag eslabor unions, over the past decade there has been a decline within the union. Only 11 percent of Americans belong to labor unions with another 6 percent belonging to private sectors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the future of the labor union. There are different factors included in the future of the unions. The structure and actions of unions and their effect on the global marketplace. Over the years it has been very important to shape the union s future and the affects the union haveRead MoreUnionization Of Home Based Workers1469 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutional for the government to force unionization on home-based workers? ANSWER: Yes FACTS: On-union home-care personal assistants, who provided in-home care to disabled individuals through Medicaid-waiver programs run by the Illinois Department of Human Services, brought action against Governor in his official capacity, and three unions, challenging mandatory fair share fees paid to union. ANALYSIS: What is a Home-Based Worker? The initial question one must ask himself or herself when lookingRead MoreThe End Of The War960 Words   |  4 Pagesunionists. This quickly triggered a significant increase in union memberships and the number of strikes during the time. Ford being one of Canada’s largest workplaces was struggling in maintaining and meeting its worker’s demands. Before the end of the war, Union Auto Workers productively collected union dues directly from its members. However, with thousands of members coming back from the war, it was more challenging to collect the union dues, making it a full-time activity (Canadian Labour Congress

How Can Artificial Intelligence Help Us Essay Example For Students

How Can Artificial Intelligence Help Us? Essay The first person that I have interviewed is Ella, she is an NYU Graduate who is working as a Web Designer and is earning approximately $45,000 a year. She lives in Brooklyn, New York for seven years. Ella claims that she liked Dodge Grand Caravan as her first choice. First of all, she likes the ad because its a family car that serves/fits all her needs. Secondly, she likes this ad because the color red is her favorite color. According to Ellas interpretation, she feels that by looking at the advertisement about the Dodge Grand Caravan a person will get all the explanation he/she needs. Her second choice was Volvo which looks like a very nice car, but does not apply to the need of a customer. She would prefer to know the features that the car is offering. She feels that the name of the brand is hidden because its all the way on top and on the edge that it would not be visible to the eye of the customer. Her third choice was Ford Expedition, because looking at the magazine ad she feels that it explains the variation of the car. However, she thinks that the ad does not apply why it was advertised for and that there is not enough description to the car. Her fourth choice was Suzuki, because she claims that the ad itself takes a person attention. Therefore, she also liked that the typeface S and Suzuki overlaps on top of each other. Her Fifth choice was Toyota, because she thinks its a nice looking car, but the theme that was used for this ad is a little bit funny. She feels that way because the theme does not fit to the description of the car. Her suggestion for this ad is to create more ideas, (i.e. the name of the brand should be visible; the slogan should be different in the sense that it should apply to the description of the car). Svetlana Khanimova The second person that I have interviewed is Milana. She is a 22 years old nurse from Brooklyn, N.Y. Milana earns about $50,000 a year she likes to play volleyball and read novels in her spare time. Her first choice was the All new Dodge Grand Caravan, because of two reasons: First of all she said thats its a big family car and it is red color which caught her attention very fast. Second, this model contains a lot of details that can help her get as much information as she needs. Her second choice was Ford Expedition, because it gave her a good impression since she likes to travel a lot and therefore this appearance fulfills her needs. She feels that this car ad claims that it can handle traveling. In addition, it has different models and nice logo. She feels that this advertisement needs to put more information about this model. Her third choice was Suzuki, because the liked the comparison between the Suzuki and the cheetah, which transforms into high speed. In addition, she feels that the car is luxurious and big enough for the family. Also it gives enough information and has a good description of the car. Her forth choice is Volvo; she claims that it is a powerful car and can handle all the roads. She likes what it says on the side Volvo for life, but she also feels that there is not enough information about the features of the car. Her fifth choice is Toyota; she feels that it is not a very successful ad because it doesnt convince her to buy the car. She thinks that the car is too far, it needs to be closer a good man is hard to find Essay For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic is the software that is used. Since there are very few applications that are pre-written using AI, each company has to write its own software for the solution to the problem. An easier way around this obstacle is to design an add-on. The company FuziWare makes several applications that act as an addition to a larger application. FuziCalc, FuziQuote, FuziCell, FuziChoice, and FuziCost are all products that are use! d as management decision support systems for other off-the shelf applications (Barron 111). In order to tell that AI is present we must be able to measure the intelligence being used. For a relative scale of reference, large supercomputers can only create a brain .

Object-oriented Programming and Data Member free essay sample

Create a class that includes a data member that holds a â€Å"serial number† for each object created from the class. That is, the first object created will be numbered 1, the second 2, and so on. To do this, you’ll need another data member that records a count of how many objects have been created so far. (This member should apply to the class as a whole; not to individual objects. What keyword specifies this? ) Then, as each object is created, its constructor can examine this count member variable to determine the appropriate serial number for the new object. Add a member function that permits an object to report its own serial number. Then write a main() program that creates three objects and queries each one about its serial number. They should respond I am object number 2, and so on. Use copy constructor for this task both deep and shallow copy. Q2: Create a class calculator. We will write a custom essay sample on Object-oriented Programming and Data Member or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It would have two data members, both integer types. There would be four functions add(), sub(), mul() and div(). The mul() and div() functions would be friend functions. Create four objects of the class. Also use copy constructor both shallow and deep copy. There would be a static data member which would count the number of objects. Q3: Create a class GPACalculator. This class would have gpa, cgpa, sessionalMarks, midMarks and finalMarks data members. There would be two functions calculateGPA() and calculateCGPA(). calculateCGPA() would be friend function. You need to create an array of GPACalculator class. The array would be of 5. You also need to give the user option of whether he wants to calculate gpa or cgpa. The grades are as follows: 50 and 53 and 57 and 61 and 64 and 68 and 72 and 75 and 80 and 86 and

Isis in Darkness

9 Celebrities Who Used To Be Truck Drivers

9  Celebrities Who Used To Be Truck Drivers Ever wonder how they started out? Ever sit behind the wheel of your rig and daydream that you could be famous too? Turns out, some of your favorite celebrities got their start as truckers. 1. Charles BronsonHe won a Purple Heart for his work as an army trucker. This actor from The Dirty Dozen, The Great Escape, and Death Wish  also trained to be a pilot. He’s hardwired to operate heavy machinery!2. James CameronThis  director of Titanic and Avatar  got his start trucking, too. The next time you see a semi on the side of the highway, just imagine there’s an aspiring director behind the wheel, working on his screenplay between miles.3. Chevy ChaseAfter medical school and a jazz band,  he  drove trucks before his first big break on Saturday Night Live.4. Sean ConneryTruck driving runs in his blood. His father was a trucker in Scotland before him, so it came as no surprise when the future Bond, James Bond drove 18-wheelers after leaving the Royal Navy.5. Rock Huds onRemember him? He  drove trucks after World War II, before he hit it big as a rom-com star with Doris Day.6. Richard PryorThis funny guy drove trucks both in Germany and at home before breaking out as a comedian.7. Viggo MortensonThis actor, famous for his roles in movies like  Lord of the Rings, Crimson Tide, and A History of Violence,  mostly worked in Denmark shipyards; but even he did a few trucking jobs in his home country before making it big.8. Liam NeesonThis megastar might never have been famous if it hadn’t been for his truck driving school instructor encouraging him to consider acting. He could have spent his best years as a Guinness forklift operator instead of fighting kidnappers on the silver screen.9. Elvis PresleyThe King of Rock n’ Roll himself  drove trucks after high school to make a living. Some say he even got his signature hairdo from the truck driver fashion of the time.So whatever your dream is, don’t forget how many famous men b efore you got it done while on the road.

Theories of Bayes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theories of Bayes - Essay Example es himself had not been sure regarding the application of the theory, the importance and the applications of the Bayes theory in multidisciplinary fields had been recognized. The theory explores the probability of a number in two successive draws. It can then be considered applicable in relatively complex systems of studies (Savchuk & Tsokos, 2011). The theory of Bayes had been used in the selected study of the researcher Seung-Joon Jeon published in 2012 about the communication to the Editor Bull. There are different reasons as to why the use of the Bayes’ theorem had been used and is considered effective in the explanation of the results of the study. According to the author of the research paper, the application of the theory is determined since it can explain inverse probability in conditional probability which is also referred to as subjective probability. Biological systems are composed of few elements that are bound together in infinitely unique ways, for that matter, there is a high subjective probability or personal belief that these elements or molecules can form in expected ways. Specifically, it explores the probability of events based on another probability. The example given in the paper is the rare event of a binder molecule to find the right target site on the basis of two probabilities which are staying on a wrong site until the correct site had been found or continuously looking for the right site, thus the probability on the basis of another probability. The third reason had also been expressed in the paper which is the fact that Bayes’ theory had the most capacity to apply the strategy of determining the wrong site or the improbable event without doubt rather than the right site first accuracy (Jeon, 2012). In conclusion, the application of the theory of Bayes can be considered important in scientific systems that needed determination of an interconnected or overlapping systems of probability e.g. in this case a rare even in the

Quality Management as a Global Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Quality Management as a Global Issue - Essay Example Such issues require an organizational change initiative and have mostly been undertaken by the private sector, or at least research suggests so. However, not much research is available on the extent that public institutions have implemented quality management. The health-care sector in Saudi Arabia is a very vital sector where quality is a critical issue. Quality health care is a basic human right and based on this principle, Saudi hospitals to have joined the movements towards quality management. They expect that such a strategy would help to overcome organizational deficiencies amidst shrinking budgets (Al-ahmadi & Roland, 2005). Total quality management (TQM) is one such management practice that can help improve health organizational performance. There is no universally accepted definition of TQM and varies across researchers and philosophers and quality experts. Nevertheless, it has been considered as a philosophy for managing organizations (Hill and Wilkinson, 1995; Dean and Bowen, 1994) and most agree on certain core TQM concepts (Waldman, 1993). These core concepts include: 4. Involvement, support and guidance of senior management demonstrating their commitment towards TQM along with the importance of leadership necessary to achieve successful TQM (Johnson, 1990; Juran 1989; Waldman, 1993); Ho and Shih (1999) conducted a review of the works of quality proponents. This study revealed shared principles and certain assumptions of TQM commonly shared by all. The authors surmised that a customer-centric approach is essential to achieve TQM. This implies that both the products and the services should be customized to meet the customer needs and expectations. To meet the long-term objectives of organizational success, a customer-focused approach is essential. The authors also found that process improvement should be an ongoing process in the organization. This principle is based on  the two-fold argument: a) ongoing quality and process improvement lead to customer satisfaction and b) in the long run high-quality products and services have proven to be cost-effective as the resources required are less than for an inferior quality product.  

Ranking of the Top 10 Undergraduate Programs in Hospitality Research Paper

Ranking of the Top 10 Undergraduate Programs in Hospitality - Research Paper Example Hospitality management is also a comprehensive area of interest that focuses on teaching the students about the management, administration, supervision, marketing, advertising, promotion, and operations of hotels, resorts, restaurants, and travel administration that take account of the cuisine and nourishment, accommodations and tourism facilities for the people. The administration and surveillance of the hospitality management is very confronting as it includes all the actions, movements, endeavor, avocation, and entertainment of the guests from the occasion of their arrival into the hotel, restaurant, or theatre until they depart (Clarke &  Chen, 2007). The management has to prove them complaisant and malleable in an adequate amount so that they are able to fulfill the needs and requirements of their guests in a gratifying and pleasing manner. These courses of study enhances the students’ interpersonal, verbal and non-verbal communication abilities and people skills so tha t the students can develop, improve and enhance their leadership and managerial capabilities and teamwork strategies.  Hospitality management program also develop and augment the entrepreneurial skills of the students that escalates them in their careers and their confidence to do something on own.  There are numerous universities and schools present in todays time throughout the world and especially in the United States region that offer the undergraduate and graduate level programs of hospitality management but the world ranking schools are few that has distinguished and distinct themselves on their exclusive and inimitable standards (Clarke &  Chen, 2007). 1. Cornell University School for Hotel Administration Amongst the world’s top universities/schools that provide the education with majors in Hospitality Management is ‘Cornell University School for Hotel Administration’ (Cornell Univeristy, 2011). This hotel management school plays a distinctive role f rom others due to the reason that it provides the capable, endowed, and predetermined students with a wide range of expert educators, professors, trainers, and researchers with ultra modern and high-tech environment for the knowledge and education. In addition, they provide the students with a sturdy structure of set of business courses that is crucial and vital for hospitality management, as the business management is the cornerstone of it (Corgel & Sturman & Verma, 2011). Image: (Cornell, 2011) Furthermore, the university offers the students to get learning in one of the best and comfortable classrooms, labs, auditoriums and lecture halls and many more where the practical implementations are also a key part of the learning. The prime focus of the university is to develop, anticipate, and furnish their qualities and skills so that they get a leading edge over others in their areas of interests. Associations, group effort, alliance with other students are also the highlighting featu res that the university accentuates.  The official website of â€Å"the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration† (Cornell University, 2011) provides a comprehensive detail of the university program, features, and other details (Corgel & Sturman & Verma, 2011). 2. University of Nevada – Las Vegas ‘University of Nevada at Las Vegas’

The Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia

The Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia INTRODUCTION Manufacturing sector in Malaysia began to grow rapidly since the early 1980s when the country witnessed the transition from an agricultural economy to one based on industry. In addition, Malaysia began to implement a strategy to diversify its economy with the goal of becoming the country focused on economic activities with higher added value, and also reduce excessive focus on commodity upstream, namely tin and rubber. From that Malaysian government launch industrial policy in 1980s there are National Industrial Policy and Industrial Master Plan and has achieved remarkable growth. This major shift happen when the country realize that they needs to reduce dependence on imports, and the need to create technology-based sectors to ensure the success of the national economy. Today, the manufacturing industry is the fastest growing industry and become one of the countrys economic development factors. In the past, economic development in Malaysia is moving up from light industries to more capital and knowledge-intensive industries. Today, the challenge is to move from low-value-added to high value-added activities within or across industries. The high value added activities is to improves the value of products or services to customers. For examples, high value added activities include designing products, delivering products, processing customer orders and improving product quality. BACKGROUND OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR The manufacturing sector has existed from the colonial era, but its contribution is small at the time, which is about 8% of national income. The economy at that time was dependent on the production of raw materials, especially tin and rubber for export. The industrial sector is only focused on the processing of ore into ingots, tin, and it is dominated by companies belonging to the British. Until 1929, Malaya was producing 50 % of world production of tin ingots. In addition, there is also evidence that before the year 1940, manufacturing activities involving other products were also carried out on a small scale. These activities are confined to areas like Penang British administration, Province Wellesley and Malacca. Export industry for 1940 only amounted to a total of 450,000 tin, but tin was increased to 1,800,000 in 1959. During the colonial period, without any government intervention to promote the development of the manufacturing sector. But in the late 1960s, the importance of process outputs estate industry has been steadily decreasing since his place was taken by the food processing industry. There are other industries that began to grow, involving goods, non-durable consumer goods, consumer durables, capital goods such as electrical and non-electrical machinery and transport equipment. During this period, a policy known as import substitution policies have been introduced. The aim of import substitution policy was introduced in order to reduce the outflow of money, to meet domestic demand. Goods previously imported are now encouraged to produce their own in states. Thus, the focus is on light industry produce soaps, beverages, footwear, clothing and rubber products. In the late 1960s, im port substitution industries switch from consumer goods to the production of capital goods and intermediate goods. From 1963 to 1968, its importance in terms of contribution to value added and employment in the manufacturing sector, which is very different variety. Product groups of food, rubber and wood still maintain their dominant position in terms of their contribution to the manufacturing sector. The basic metals, textiles and electrical machinery set the fastest growing, with an annual growth rate of over 30% per annum. Most of this increase is due to the substitution of imports and domestic market development. Resource-based manufacturing activities such as timber and rubber increased only modestly. In 1970s, the ratio of the value of manufacturing goods exported to manufacturing goods imported has increased from 29.4% to 47.1% over the decade. Since the 70s, the government as well as economic diversification has emphasized a more rapid growth of the industry to meet the requirements of the job and the New Economic Policy (NEP). In this case, the focus has been on industries and export-oriented industries that employ large numbers of workers. Start 80s, the program suffered another countrys industrial development through the promotion of heavy industry. It aims to strengthen the countrys industrial base and increase peoples skills in the field of higher technology. It also aims to speed up the process of industrialization. Government plays a direct role in designing, implementing, funding and managing heavy industries as the private sector is not able to bear the expense or risk in handling projects involves not only capital, but also only be able to return in time long. Although overall industrial development of the country in the years of the 60s, 70s and early 80s is satisfactory but a lot of problems and weaknesses still exist in this sector. For example, the growth of the export sector is not very satisfactory when compared with the domestic sector. Exports of manufactured goods that Malaysia too dependent on only a few industries such as electrical and electronics and textiles. Product quality as well as a whole is not very satisfactory and cannot compete with the products of foreign countries. This is due to the low level of technology and lack of skills of local people to improve or renew technology received from outside. The established industries are also less value added as much devoted to assembly activities only. Therefore, if the industrial sector is expected to continue to play a key role in national development, it is necessary to set up long-term goals supported by development policies and strategies that are new. 3.1 IMPORTANT OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR 3.11 Economic Growth and Increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The manufacturing sector plays important role in economic growth and increase our gross domestic product. It is because the majority of these projects are in high value and high-growth industries. The proof is, for the first five month of 2013, MIDA had approved a total of 17 automotive projects with investments of RM0.6 Billion. Many global automotive companies and international component manufacturers have established their operation in Malaysia, including Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW, Peugeot, Volkswagen, Denso and Bosch. Those investment in our country will increase our national income and also our economic growth. Other than that, Malaysia also sets a new record of RM216.5 billion for approved direct investment in 2013. Foreign and domestic direct investment continue to increase and 192,000 new jobs with higher income employment opportunities for Malaysians were approved. Malaysia again had a new record breaking year of investments in the manufacturing, services and primary sectors in 2013 with total approved investments of RM216.5 billion, a very commendable achievement amidst a challenging external environment. In 2012, the country attracted a total of RM167.8 billion in direct investments, which was the highest amount ever recorded. These approved investments were in 5,669 projects comprising 14 megaprojects worth more than RM1 billion each and 82 large projects worth more than RM100 million each. The majority of these projects are in high-value and high-growth industries. From all this achievements, we can see that manufacturing sector were important in economic growth and increase our nat ional income. 3.1.2 The Goal into Higher Value-added Activities in the New Economic Model (NEM) Malaysia launched the New Economic Model (NEM), which aims for the country to reach high income status by 2020 while ensuring that growth is also sustainable and inclusive. The NEM includes a number of reforms to achieve economic growth that is primarily driven by the private sector and moves the Malaysian economy into higher value-added activities in both industry and services. Our exports are still strong but not generating enough added value. Malaysia want to achieve high value added activities because Malaysia shortage of skilled manpower and high technology. This causes Malaysia lags behind developed countries to another. In the desire to become a developed country, Malaysia should concentrate importance of the manufacturing sector. This is because, the manufacturing sector is an important factor in the economic development of the country. Compared with the past, Malaysia have to move forward as an example in the field of automotive and electronics. Manufacturing sector brings m any benefits to the economy of our country. 3.1.3 Knowledge and Innovation Intensive Economic Activity The transformation of the economy will be characterised by economic sectors moving to higher value-added economic activities, where knowledge, innovation and productivity are central to value creation. For Malaysia, given the existing strong manufacturing and services base, movement towards higher value-added activity will be driven by the existing and new industries migrating up the value chain, such as in the areas of advanced electronics as well as green and resource-based industries. This will be strongly complemented by the development of knowledge-intensive services, including computing, information and communication technology (ICT), research and development (RD), health and education, as well as manufacturing-related support services such as logistics, marketing and branding. The significance, while multinational and large domestic corporations will remain important, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) will be central to the economy. A broad base of highly dynamic, innovative and competitive SMEs will be a critical and prominent feature of a high value-added, high-income Malaysian economy. 3.1.4 The Positive Rate of Trade Balance Since Malaysia want to be a country that is based on the manufacturing sector, our country less importing goods from abroad and has become one of the countrys largest exporter. Since the activities of importing goods from foreign countries has been reduced, therefore, the less the rate of money flowing abroad to pay for imported goods. The money can be used for the development of other sectors. So, excessive state financial resources that can be used to raise the living standards of the people. Strictly speaking, the progress in the industrial sector managed to reduce imports formerly state our country is too dependent on the import of goods. When the policy of industrial made our country export goods to overseas are higher than the import of goods from outside. This will lead to a positive value of trading revenue exceeds expenses. We can see that the manufacturing sector is one of the most important sectors of the economy. Although there are some obstacles, but the manufacturing sector remains important in driving the developed countries. 3.1.5 Increase the Demand for Raw Materials in the Country The reduction of the import of certain goods may increase the demand for raw materials in the country. The rapid growth in the manufacturing sector certainly lead to an increase in demand for raw materials. There are, to be between industrial essence to produce various products according to the demands of society worldwide. As an analogy that is common knowledge, our country never conquered by foreign powers to dominate the countrys supply of raw materials because of the high prices and widespread demand in the international market. According to the latest statistics, sources of raw materials such as rubber, oil palm and still have broad market at the level of globalization. Besides that, by Malaysia External Trade Statistics in 2012, found that the production of palm oil increased by 7.9% to RM4.5 billion. This situation certainly contributed to the improvement of the national economy as a country exporting these resources abroad. In addition, the supply of raw materials such as petroleum is needed in the process of canning food and petrol for the industrial sector in our country. In fact, cooking oil and soap produced also using palm oil as a source of raw materials. Indirectly, commodity prices have certainly risen sharply and benefit the country. Izhar, momentum in the industrial sector has been able to significantly increase the demand for raw material resources of the country. 3.1.6 Manufacturing Sector Provide Many Job Opportunities We can see that many factory were built whether in rural or urban, this shows that many job opportunities that the manufacturing sector provided. Moreover, the manufacturing sector provides benefits to people in terms of employment opportunities are vast. Factories were built in remote areas are able to provide employment opportunities to the people. For examples, occupations that normally offered to residents nearby as operator of the plant, the plant engineers, plant managers and so on. Job creation is supposed to be used by people to meet their needs. The industrial sector is able to offer a wide variety of employment opportunities at various levels. Among them are the stages of production, processing, assembly, packaging, marketing. In 2001 alone, 2.2 million people are involved in the industrial sector which is equivalent to 22% of the total workforce in Malaysia. This phenomenon can definitely reduce the rate of unemployment among people. When the rate of unemployment among people were reduce it also mean that we were close to full rate employment. Can be seen here that the industrial sector is able to offer a wide range of employment opportunities to the people especially in manufacturing. 3.1.7 The Leading Sector in the Malaysian Economy The share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased over time from 27.8% in 1996 to 31.4% in 2004 surpassing that of the agricultural sector since 1987. As a result of its rapid and sustained industrial growth by the mid of 1990s Malaysia had one of the largest productivity income. Besides that, The electrical electronics (EE) industry is the leading sector in Malaysias manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to the countrys exports (32.8 per cent) and employment (27.2 per cent) in 2013. The EE industry in Malaysia is focused on deepening and strengthening the three major ecosystems of semiconductors, solar and LED technologies. The growth of semiconductor will continue to spearhead the growth of the EE industry in Malaysia and has benefited from the global demand in the usage of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets), storage devices (cloud computing, data centres), optoelectronics (photonics, fibre optics, LEDs) and embedded technology (integrated circuits, PCBs, LEDs). The EE manufacturers in the country have continued to move-up the value chain to produce higher value-added products. These include intensification of research and development efforts and outsource non-core activities domestically. CONCLUSION For the conclusion, manufacturing sector is an important sector in driving structural transformation into high value added activities in Malaysia. The manufacturing sector has been the engine of economic growth in Malaysia since its embarked to be an industrialization country.

Illusions and Reality in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby F.

     Ã‚   According to Cynthia Wu, no matter how many critical opinions there are on The Great Gatsby, the book basically deals with Gatsby's dream and his illusions (39). We find out from the novel that Jay Gatsby is not even a real person but someone that James Gatz invented. Wu also tells us that Gatsby has illusions that deal with romance, love, beauty, and ideals (39). Wu also points out that Gatsby's illusions can be divided into four related categories: he came from a rich upper class family, a never ending love between him and Daisy, money as the answer to every problem, and reversible time. Through Nick's narrations we can really see who this Jay Gatsby is and the reality to his illusions, and from this we can make our own decision on who we think Jay Gatsby really is. The first memory upon which the narrator meditates on is the story behind Jay Gatsby's true identity:   James Gatz-that was really , or at least legally, his name. He had changed it at the age of seventeen and at specific moment that witnessed the beginning of his career-when he saw Dan Cody's yacht drop anchor over the most insidious flat on Lake Superior. It was James Gatz who had been loafing along the beach that afternoon in a torn green jersey and a pair of canvas pants, but it was already Jay Gatsby who borrowed a rowboat, pulled out to the Tuolomee, and informed Cody that a wind might catch him and break him up in half an hour. (qtd. in Dillon 53) I agree with Nick when he tells us that Jay probably had the name ready for a long time. Jay couldn't accept himself for who he really was and couldn't accept his history for what it really was. Then it stands to reason that Nick is correct on page 104 when he states: Jay's imagination never accepted h... ...cording to Dillon, even though Gatsby had so much missing he did have one greatness and that one greatness was his illusions (61).    Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. "The Great Gatsby: The Vitality of Illusion." The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988: 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. "Compensating Visions: The Great Gatsby." Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992: 536-545. Mitchell, Giles. "Gatsby Is a Pathological Narcissist." Readings On The Great Gatsby. Ed. Bruno Leone, et al. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 61-67. Pauly, Thomas H. "Gatsby Is a Sinister Gangster." Readings On The Great Gatsby. Ed. Bruno Leone, et al. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 41-51. Wu, Cynthia The Great Gatsby: Illusion and Reality for Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. 17 (1984): 39-68   

Qualitative & Quantitative Essay

Qualitative research focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements. Gathered information is then analyzed in an interpretative manner, subjective, impressionistic or even diagnostic. Here’s a more detailed point-by-point comparison between the two types of research: 1. Goal or Aim of the Research The primary aim of a Qualitative Research is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic. It is usually more exploratory in nature. Quantitative Research on the other hand focuses more in counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what is observed. Read also: Aims of Research QualitativeQuantitative HypothesisBroadNarrow DescriptionWhole pictureFocused Type of ResearchExploratoryConclusive 2. Usage Qualitative Research is ideal for earlier phases of research projects while for the latter part of the research project, Quantitative Research is highly recommended. Quantitative Research provides the researcher a clearer picture of what to expect in his research compared to Qualitative Research. QualitativeQuantitative PhaseEarlyLate 3. Data Gathering Instrument The researcher serves as the primary data gathering instrument in Qualitative Research. Here, the researcher employs various data-gathering strategies, depending upon the thrust or approach of his research. Examples of data-gathering strategies used in Qualitative Research are individual in-depth interviews, structured and non-structured interviews, focus groups, narratives, content or documentary analysis, participant observation and archival research. On the other hand, Quantitative Research makes use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data. 4. Type of Data The presentation of data in a Qualitative Research is in the form of words (from interviews) and images (videos) or objects (such as artifacts). If you are conducting a Qualitative Research what will most likely appear in your discussion are figures in the form of graphs. However, if you are conducting a Quantitative Research, what will most likely appear in your discussion are tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics. 5. Approach Qualitative Research is primarily subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior. Researchers have the tendency to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter in this type of research method. In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain objectively separated from the subject matter. This is because Quantitative Research is objective in approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry. Read also: Qualitative research, Quantitative research Determining Which Method Should Be Used Debates have been ongoing, tackling which method is better than the other. The reason why this remains unresolved until now is that, each has its own strengths and weaknesses which actually vary depending upon the topic the researcher wants to discuss. This then leads us to the question â€Å"Which method should be used?† If your study aims to find out the answer to an inquiry through numerical evidence, then you should make use of the Quantitative Research. However, if in your study you wish to explain further why this particular event happened, or why this particular phenomenon is the case, then you should make use of Qualitative Research. Some studies make use of both Quantitative and Qualitative Research, letting the two complement each other. If your study aims to find out, for example, what the dominant human behavior is towards a particular object or event and at the same time aims to examine why this is the case, it is then ideal to make use of both methods.

The Haunting Truth Behind The Lake by Edgar Allan Poe

The Haunting Truth Behind The Lake by Edgar Allan Poe Poe first published â€Å"The Lake† in his 1827 collection Tamerlane and Other Poems, but it appeared again two years later in the collection Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems with a mysterious dedication added to the title: â€Å"The Lake. To–.† The subject of Poes dedication remains unidentified to this day. Historians have suggested  Poe wrote the poem about Lake Drummond- and that he might have visited Lake Drummond with his foster mother, but the poem was published after her death. The lake outside Norfolk, Virginia, also known as the Great Dismal Swamp, was said to have been haunted by two past lovers. The supposed ghosts were not thought of as malicious or evil, but tragic- the boy had gone mad in the belief the girl had died. A Haunted Lake Lake Drummond was said to be haunted by the spirits of a young Native American couple who lost their lives on the lake. The young woman reportedly died on their wedding day, and the young man, driven mad by visions of her paddling on the lake, drowned in his attempts to reach her. According to one report, local legend says that if you go into the Great Dismal Swamp late at night youll see the image of a woman paddling a white canoe on a lake with a lamp. This woman became known locally as the Lady of the Lake, which has given inspiration to a slew of famous writers over the years. Robert Frost was said to have visited the central Lake Drummond in 1894 after suffering a heartbreak from splitting up with a longtime lover, and he later told a biographer that he had hoped to get lost in the wilderness of the swamp, never to return. Although the haunting stories may be fictional, the beautiful scenery and lush wildlife of this Virginia lake and surrounding swamp draw many visitors every year. Poes Use of Contrast One of the things that stands out in the poem is the way Poe contrasts the dark imagery and danger of the lake with a feeling of contentment and even pleasure in the thrill of his surroundings. He refers to the loneliness as lovely, and later describes his delight at waking to the terror on the lone lake. Poe draws on the legend of the lake to tap into its inherent dangers, but at the same time he revels in the beauty of the nature surrounding him. The poem closes with Poes exploration of the circle of life. Though he refers to death in a poisonous wave, he describes its location as Eden, an obvious symbol for the emergence of life. Full Text of The Lake. To In spring of youth, it was my lotTo haunt of the wide world a spotThe which I could not love the less–So lovely was the lonelinessOf a wild lake, with black rock bound,And the tall pines that towered around.But when the Night had thrown her pallUpon that spot, as upon all,And the mystic wind went byMurmuring in melody–Then–ah then I would awakeTo the terror of the lone lake.Yet that terror was not fright,But a tremulous delight–A feeling not the jewelled mineCould teach or bribe me to define–Nor Love- although the Love were thine.Death was in that poisonous wave,And in its gulf a fitting graveFor him who thence could solace bringTo his lone imagining–Whose solitary soul could makeAn Eden of that dim lake.

Native Americans in the Civilized Land essays

Native Americans in the Civilized Land essays Native Americans in the Civilized Land There were different ways of getting the message across, but the views expressed when it came to the different images and texts relating to Native Americans were all the same. Indians were savage people that needed to be civilized. It seemed like the only purpose the Indians served once America was conquered was to be trading partners with the Europeans and to be converted to Christianity. Other than that, the Indians were either attacked or ridiculed by the colonists. I was surprised at how the Indians had to face such harsh and difficult situations, yet somehow they still stood strong. The different texts scorned the Indian population through different techniques. I tried to analyze how they were written, but it was hard to determine the viewpoint of such works as the essay Indian/Non-Indian Relations. I first decided that it had to be written from a Native Americans viewpoint because it discussed how brutally the Europeans treated them and how they were ostracized from the colonies, but then I changed my mind after reading many Indians died a wonderful plague of smallpox (Indian Relations). I simply refused to believe that a Native American could write those words, even if he was writing the Puritans viewpoint. It was a shocking thing for me as a reader. I knew that this work was biased, but at times it got hard to figure out which side was being supported. After reading William Byrds text, I saw that he had the same views on Indians as the essay writer, but he chose to be nice and describe a few admirable traits before abruptly attacking the Indians, calling them indolent wretches, and using a humorous tone to ridicule the Indians because they depend entirely upon the English, not only for their trade but even for their subsistence (Byrd). Byrd made sure that the Indian...

Immigration ( Microeconomics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Immigration ( Microeconomics) - Essay Example Infact the issue of immigration has assumed a transnational importance in the last three decades. It is not without a reason that immigration has become a hot topic throughout the Western world in the contemporary times. Politicians and informed citizens are highly polarized in their opinion regarding immigration because of the impact it may have or is supposed to have on the demography, culture and especially the economy of the concerned nations. More then half a million people from varied countries and ethnic backgrounds enter the US every year. As per some conservative estimates, nearly 12 million illegal immigrants presently call the United States their home. The very magnitude of immigration in North America, EU and Australia raises many disturbing questions. Is immigration good for the countries having liberal immigration laws Will the immigrants have a salubrious influence on the economies of these nations Should the immigration laws be further liberalized Do the economies of these countries have the ability and the potential to absorb the large scale skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workforce generated by accommodating immigration policies Will immigration lead to many related problems like terrorism, radicalism and surplus workforce Pragmatically speaking, immigration is bound to stimulate the Western Economies. At least, the available demographic and economic data points towards this conclusion.It is a basic economic fact that the fast growing economies do have an insatiable hunger for resources, physical capital and above all human capital. So the fundamental query should be that are the major Western economies growing at a pace where they need tremendous input in terms of human capital from other countries It will be really interesting to look into the economic prospects of some of the topmost Western economies. As for the US economy, the data furnished by the authentic and reliable global organizations like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, targeted at the eight years of Bush's presidency indicate a pink and plump state of affairs (Perry). According to the World Bank statistics, the GDP per capita in the United States rose to $ 41,813 in 2005 (Perry). As per an IMF report, between the years 2001-2008, the real American GDP "grew at an average annual rate of 2.2 % (Perry)." The unemployment rate in the US also stood at a tolerable and stable figure of 4.7 % between 2001-2007 (Perry).Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth - United States - USA (%) 2.5 3.7 4.5 4.2 4.4 3.7 0.8 1.6 2.5 3.9 3.2 3.4 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth - United States - USA (%), Source: Eurostat(euroekonom.com) European Union, which is the largest economic and trading block of the world, is also expected to outperform the past expectations in terms of economic

Law(freedom of religion) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law(freedom of religion) - Essay Example But unfortunately, the Forest Service decided not to adopt this recommendation, and it prepared a final environmental impact statement for construction of the road. Therefore a trial was set up and finally the District Court issued a permanent injunction prohibiting the Forest Service from constructing the Chimney Rock section of the G-O road or putting the timber harvesting management plan into effect. But after a long discussion about the case, the court concluded that both projects would breach the Governments trust responsibilities to protect water and fishing rights reserved for Native Americans of Hoopa Valley. The Forest Service appealed the decision. All of the hard decisions made by the judge were mostly based on two important terms namely establishment and free exercise The term establishment means united states congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. Because they need to be fair to all religions and cannot provide support for any religion. Free exercise on the other hand means congress does not have the right to prohibit the free exercise hence People can freely exercise their religions and the government doesn’t have the right to control it. These terms play a significant role in helping the judges to conclude this case. There is an interesting case which came to my attention and the case was about whether a government school in France had the right to dismiss a Muslim girl because she refuse to remove her veil in class. The girl at the center of this highly sensitive controversy was sacked when she refused to remove her veil in class because it was against her religious believes and also violates her right as a French citizen to practice her choice of religion with no interference from any authorities as the European human rights law say. Reacting to her dismissal the girl’s father took the school authorities to a European human rights court to

Should Global Poverty be a U.S National Security Issue Essay

Should Global Poverty be a U.S National Security Issue - Essay Example This paper illustrates that global poverty is a phenomenon that has been in existence for quite a long time now. However, it is noteworthy that it is an aspect of global in equality. By this, I mean that, in most of the countries, there exists an exceptionally wide gap between the upper and the lower class. Some have no middle class at all. This is reflected in the wider picture with the developed countries having massive wealth, as opposed to the peanuts in the developing world. What does this imply? This is so dangerous to the mutual coexistence of these people. Mostly, global poverty has been continually ignored under the pretence that it is not a problematic issue but a social issue of specific countries. Realistically, this is an environmental problem. This is because, for such people in such circumstances, they have an effect to the environment. By this, I mean that, these difficult economic situations do force them to indulge in behaviors that are environmentally unsustainable . For instance, a country in Sub Saharan Africa will be more likely to engage in charcoal burning due to the financial constraints. This may be in an effort to look for money through its sale to sustain their troublesome life or to use it as firewood instead of the cleaner biogas. This in turn, has an effect on global climate by contributing to augmented discharge of green house gases into the atmosphere leading to global warming. Global warming, consequently results into so many disastrous effects. This includes drought, excessive rainfall and respiratory ailments. (Galore and Weil, p 810). This charcoal burning is also capable of directly affecting the environment because it results into soil degradation. Global poverty also turns out to be an environmental problem because, many people do not get to meet their basic needs (Galore and Weil, p 815). This in itself is an environmental crisis because it is the failure to construct a sustainable environment t for human life. The United States national security strategy demands of them to build a balance of power bearing in mind that each country, whether small or large, has its fundamental responsibilities. Moreover, to affect this, it resolves to pioneer aspirations of human self-respect (Galore and Weil, p 820). With the implications that global poverty has on the environment, it is high time that the United States recognize it as an environmental problem. Its effects on the security are also wanting. This is because; due to poverty such people do not get access to adequate education hence termed as the illiterate. With no employment that comes with no skills and little employment activities, it leaves a large room for indulgence in destructive activities. An excellent example is the poverty in the African American community of the United States (Galore and Weil, p 25). With no education that guarantees no education, it is no wonder that they participate in violent crimes. All these considered it will be of the essence if the United States considers entrenching global poverty into the national security Policy. It should thus be considered as United States National security issue. Population, Technology, and Growth This article explores the model through which population, technology and growth can be fitted to come up with a functional and economic legacy. With three regimes that have lived to characterize the economic development, it is essential that these steps be fairly understood. This will be beneficial to map out the possible transitions’ and have a clear understanding of what the future presents to the world in the economic sector. In a situation where the progress in technology is slow with a growing population, there is a likelihood of reduced rise in output growth (Sachs and Sewell, p 34). This means s that the high numbers of people consume more than what technology can provide them. This is because technology is meant to make man, s work easier. However, if this

The Law of Healthcare Administration Essay Example for Free

The Law of Healthcare Administration Essay 1) Compare and contrast the Stark Self-Referral Laws and the Anti-Kickback Statute.   Both the Stark Self-Referral Laws and the Anti-Kickback Statute were enacted to prevent healthcare providers from improperly benefiting from their referrals.   The Stark Self-Referral Laws are three separate provisions which govern physician self-referral for Medicaid and Medicare patients. The Stark Law states in essence that a physician wouldn’t be allowed to refer a patient to a place where the physician has either a compensation arrangement or ownership interest if payments for services will be made by the Medicaid or the Medicare programs.   The Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits anyone from willfully and knowingly from soliciting or offering any type of payment or gift to give referrals of services or items Medicaid, Medicare or most any federally funded program (excludes Federal employees Health Benefits Program). A defendant would have to be proven by the government to have specific intent to be disobedient to this law.   Unlike the Anti-Kickback Statute which gives the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services the ability to make exceptions, the Stark Law came with the exceptions already in place. Also, unlike the Anti-Kickback Statute, the Stark Law doesn’t allow referrals for specific health services.   The Anti-Kickback Statute is a criminal statute whereas the Stark Self-Referral Laws are civil statutes. Therefore, violations of the Anti-Kickback Statute would be considered felonies with penalties up to $25,000 and five years in prison. Also, civil penalties could be up to $50,000 and dismissal from the Federal Program. Whereas, violations of the Stark Law could result in penalties and non-payment, however, violators of the Stark Law wouldn’t be threatened with imprisonment.   Although they both can be confusing, the Stark Self-Referral Laws are more confusing because of how they came with numerous exceptions in place. 2) In examining the relationship between hospitals and physicians, under what conditions can the hospital be held liable for the physicians negligence? Under what conditions will the hospital not be liable for the physicians` negligence? If the hospital has prior knowledge of or should reasonably be expected to have knowledge of the incompetency of said physician and the hospital failed to protect the patient(s), the hospital could reasonably be held liable for that physician’s negligence. I would turn that around then and state that if it is reasonable that the hospital had no prior knowledge of incompetency on the physician’s part, and it could not be proven that the hospital was aware of any past incompetent actions of said physician, they would not be held liable. However, there is another complication to this which I will just include as a quote because I could make it more complicated in my own words, â€Å"The entity employing independent contractors is generally not liable for the negligence of such independent contractors, since the employing entity does not control the means and methods of the work to be accomplished by the independent contractors. However, hospitals may remain liable for actions performed by independent contractors on a variety of grounds† (Scott, 1998). 3) Discuss your perspective on whether a hospital should revoke a physician`s privileges. provide examples in your discussion. Are your examples â€Å"ethical and/or Legal in nature†?   I feel that a hospital should revoke a physician’s privileges if his license to practice is suspended, revoked or restricted. Also, if the physician loses Medicaid or Medicare privileges, their board certification or loses their Drug Enforcement Administration. In addition, I feel a hospital has the right to revoke a physician’s privileges if the physician is found to use illegal drugs or alcohol and if the physician is convicted of a criminal act. Having said that, I also support the physician’s request for a cure period which could be negotiated between the hospital and the physician. However, the hospital should have this in writing so that staff are aware of it prior to any revocations. Most of the examples I list can be considered as both ethical and legal in nature. 4) As the chief executive officer of a hospital and a member of its executive board, what are some of the key attributes you and your board should consider when hiring physicians and other clinical personnel? Could one actually deny a physician to a hospital without receiving backlash?   I would look for leadership qualities and if there is any experience or volunteer work in their past to indicate they have been in a leadership position in some respect. I would also look for good to excellent communication skills. This can be beneficial for a physician and clinical personnel in many ways. If there is something to indicate they are a strategic thinker, I would value this in regards to those positions. Of course, being a team player would be a valued attribute I would look for also. In addition to those attributes, physicians and clinical personnel considered for these areas need to demonstrate that they handle stressful situations well.   I feel one could absolutely deny a physician to the hospital and whether or not they receive backlash will depend on the staff involved in the interview process and how their morale is and trust in the final judgment of whoever it is that makes that judgment. 5) Please discuss your perspective on U.S. hospitals admitting illegal immigrants as patients? I am not opposed to U.S. hospitals admitting illegal immigrants as patients, however, just like U.S. residents, they need to be contractually and financially obligated to pay for their medical expenses or pay repercussions, which could and possibly should include deportation. Although I believe in humane treatment for all, we cannot allow the financial obligations created by illegal immigrants to fall on U.S. citizens or be absorbed by the U.S. health care system which in turn makes it more difficult and more expensive for U.S. citizens to receive affordable health care. 6) Healthcare organizations in the USA have been impacted with personnel turnover leading to such issues as closures of clinical units or diversion of patients to other hospital emergency departments. Based on your reading of hospital admission, please discuss your perspective of hospitals diverting patients to other facilities. Is this a Legal act? What can we do to effectively address the diversion issue in the US?   It is not illegal to divert patients to other facilities. This is often a necessary move especially if a hospital is full, too busy, if the patient is more critical than the hospital is rated for and a â€Å"for profit† hospital may divert non-paying patients. The hospital should make sure the patient is stable prior to doing any transfer or diversion. However, there are methods of effectively addressing the diversion issue in the U.S. For example, one cause of this diversion is patient-flow problems. Some hospitals have begun installing bed-tracking and patient-tracking systems that are aimed at reducing this patient-flow problem. United Hospital’s emergency department in Minneapolis used to have one of the highest divert rates in that area. However, a year after implementing a bed-tracking system, United Hospital had the lowest patient diversion rate in the Twin Cities metro area (Going, 2003). 7) Discuss a hospital’s process for ensuring it is in compliance with â€Å"HIPAA† of 1996. The hospital needs to have meetings to address the HIPAA and any modifications, and revisions to all of its affected staff. The staff then is given the information and must sign off on having read and understood it. The personnel needs to be able to direct staff to the site or person(s) that can answer additional questions pertaining to HIPAA. â€Å"HIPAA consultants who were intimately familiar with the details of the legislation and offered their services to ensure that physicians and medical centers were fully in compliance† (Health, 2007). 8) Identify a negative aspect of HIPAA, then develop a 200-300 word memo to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services that addresses the identified concern and your suggestion for improving it. July 03, 2007 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In all due respect, many other physicians including myself are finding lack of clarity in what needs to be basic issues the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Because we must attempt to understand laws and new health care data on an ongoing basis, it is important that it be written as clearly as possible for we very much want to be compliant in this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having said this, in speaking with many of my colleagues, we are unclear of who all can have access to the privacy medical records in regards to how this is written up in HIPAA. At first I felt I possibly was the only one having this difficulty, however, after speaking with my colleagues it appears to be an item that is unclear for all of us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you update or revise this, please address this issue and let it be known that I represent many others in this field who are having difficulty with this. If it were just myself, I wouldn’t take the time to compose this letter. I do sincerely appreciate your time and effort in this matter. I will be looking forward to reading and understanding your revised copy of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Sincerely, Your Name 9) Can a physician who is receiving a large increase in Medicaid patients legally dissolve the physician-patient relationship with these patients because of the poor reimbursement rate? Explain your position. No.   By federal law a physician cannot dissolve a patient due to poor reimbursement of their Medicaid payment. One cannot pick and choose patients dependent upon the time it takes for the Medicaid reimbursement to arrive. 10) Discuss your perspective of physician-patient relationship and physician assisted suicide in your discussion, include whether a physician has the legal and ethical right to dissolve the relationship because of the patient wishes to end his/her life. Also, discuss your perspective if the physician honors this patient`s request. A physician has the right to tell the patient that he could not perform that particular procedure dependent upon the procedures they are expected to perform and recommend alternatives to the patient. If the patient is serious about what they want, the patient could then initiate the dissolution of the relationship and go elsewhere. However, I don’t believe the physician should dissolve the relationship because that puts the patient in too vulnerable a position. As a physician, I would follow the guidelines of where I work. I would also inquire as to those guidelines in such an area as this and make my decision as to whether that would be a place I would want to be employed by dependent upon matters and required procedures such as these. 11) How can the US contain the high cost of professional liability insurance? One way would be in changing the laws the way they currently address liability issues in the area of medicine. Other countries don’t even allow for this, however, even modifications in the current laws could help. As mentioned in one of the previous answers, going towards independent contractor physicians takes some of the cost away in that the hospital is not made responsible in most of these cases. References (2003, December). Going with the flow: tracking system helps Midwest hospital   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   streamline patient flow and lower emergency room divert rate. Retrieved July 2, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from findarticles.com Web site:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0DUD/is_12_24/ai_111646161 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. (2007, June 27). In Wikipedia, The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:37, July 2, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Actoldid=141030639 Scott, R (1998, June 4). Hospital liability for negligence of independent contractor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   physicians. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from Healthlaw Web site:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/Tort/980604Hospital.html Showalter, J (2003). The law of healthcare administration. Chicago, IL: Health   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Administration Press. Watnik, R (2000, March 1). Antikickback versus Stark: Whats the difference?. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   July 2, 2007, from AllBusiness.com Web site: http://www.allbusiness.com/health-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   care-social-assistance/468779-1.html

The Satirical Writing of Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Essay -- Biography Biograph

The Satirical Writing of Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Considered to be one of America's imaginative, original, and talented contemporary writers, Kurt Vonnegut has treated readers to such wonderful works of literature as Slaughterhouse-five and Breakfast of Champions. Most of his many novels, short stories, and plays criticize various wrongs of society. Vonnegut's work is often humorous and light-hearted, mixing settings of fantasy with everyday situations of life. Deeper themes concerning the welfare of society are clearly evident in his satire. Throughout this long career Vonnegut has used his unique style to effectively portray his outlook of the world. Edith Vonnegut gave girth to her second son, Kurt, Jr.., on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. She and her husband Kurt had been married nine years at the time os junior's birth. The couple's eldest child Bernard was born in 1914, and a daughter Alice followed three years later. Kurt, Sr. had built a reputation as a qualified architect and was able to support his family fairly well. Kurt, Jr.'s early education came at Orchard Public School NO. 43 in Indianapolis from 1928 to 1936. After grade school he moved on Shortridge High, where he served as a staff member for the Shortridge daily Echo, the school's newspaper. Here we see his early like for writing. Finding himself interested in biochemistry, Vonnegut, Jr. attended Cornell Daily Sun. A year later in 1943 the young Hoosier transferred to the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Studies there were cut short by his enlistment into the army to fight in World War II. Vonnegut fought in the battle of the Bulge as a scout for the 106th US Infantry Division, after which he was taken prisoner by the Germans. H... ...gan reading Slaughterhouse-five I knew I was going to enjoy it. I couldn't put the book down. Its unusual structure and organization made it more intriguing for me. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is clearly an accomplished writer. After I read the book, I could see that I would most likely enjoy more of his writing. Through my conducted research I understand how he is influenced by the world around him and what he says in his works. Works Cited http://copper.usc.indiana.edu/~briscott/vonnegut.html "Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr." Discovering Authors, Gale Research, 1993. Harris, Charles B. "Time, Uncertainty, and Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.: A reading of Slaughterhouse- five'," in The Centennial review, Vol. XX, No. 3, 1976. "Harrison Bergeron." Literature and Language, MCDOUGALL LITTELL, CO., 1992. "Adam." Responding to Literature (yellow), MCDOUGALL LITTELL, CO., 1992.

Teen Pregnancy and Ways to Prevent It

Teen pregnancy is an important issue all over the country. This is an ongoing problem that must be dealt with. Teenage pregnancy can ruin a teen’s life and also the life of an infant. In this paper I will discuss the many aspects of teenage pregnancy and how it affects the life of a teenager. Each year in the US almost 1 million teens become pregnant. While the facts are clear, the issues of teenage pregnancy are complicated. Talk of sex is everywhere in our society and young girls are portrayed as sex objects. Sex is used to sell everything from clothing to news and yet people are shocked at the rising number of teenagers who are sexually active. The concern about the welfare of infants and adolescents is so much that we must move beyond the denial and distinguish effective solutions that require us to come to a solution. Nowadays it is becoming more familiar to a teenager to be engaged in sexual activities. They have unprotected sex and have multiple partners. Today’s society is more open about the subject of sex than ever before. It is all over the television, the internet, and even on the radio and in music videos. It is all over the media and therefore teens believe it is ok to be promiscuous and do not think about the consequences they could face with an unexpected pregnancy and how much it will change their lives forever. Even though the best way to prevent a pregnancy is to be abstinent, there are many teens under a lot of pressure to have sex and engage in it quite frequently. Many seek the love and affection that they normally do not get at home and they usually find it in the form of sex with whomever they can get the attention from. They usually have a poor home life or low self esteem and may just be looking for love and acceptance in the form of sex to feel loved. Teenagers need encouragement to abstain from sex all together and they need to be given more information on the prevention of pregnancy if they are to become sexually active. Teens need to constantly hear strong messages about being responsible if they decide to engage in sexual activity. Parents should be the primary givers of these messages to guide them in the right direction. If teens are given positive life options then they are given hope for their futures as well as the motivation to avoid early pregnancies. Teen pregnancy has been an issue for many years. Even with all of the education on the subject it is still an issue that continues to be on the rise. There are lots of parents that don’t sit down and talk openly with their kids about sex and all of the consequences of their actions if faced with a pregnancy. Some teens don’t have the parental guidance they need to make the right choices, either because of single parent households that the parent works so much and does not have the time or can pay as much attention to them as the teen may like or parents that just plain don’t care what their kids are doing. Some of these kids go looking for love in all the wrong places and just want to fit in anywhere they can. They don’t think of the consequences if they are making bad choices. The best way to prevent teen pregnancies is to not only teach them about abstinence but also to inform them about the risks they could face if they chose to have unprotected sex or any kind of sex at all. They should be taught all of their options about being safe if they chose to make the decision to have sex. Some of these teachings should include what protected sex is and how it not only prevents them from an unwanted pregnancy but also from STD’s. Teen pregnancy rates in the United States have jumped for the first time in more than a decade and a campaign mandated by the government to reduce the issue is faltering (Stein, 2010). There are lots of political debates on teen pregnancy and the biggest debate is whether or not the federally funded programs on teaching teens abstinence are working or not and several experts blame the increase in teen pregnancies on sex education programs that focus on encouraging abstinence (Stein, 2010), instead of also teaching the use of contraceptives. Critics also argued that the disturbing data of the rise in teen pregnancies were just the latest in a long series of indications that the focus on abstinence programs was a dismal failure (Stein). Abstinence –only programs received more than $100 million in federal funding annually and $50 million in federal funding was given to states that utilized such programs (Medical News Today). James Wagoner, president of Advocates for Youth thinks that abstinence-only programs deny young people life-saving information about condoms and other forms of prevention. They should be taught all of their options about being safe from an unwanted pregnancy and STD’s, because by teaching abstinence only obviously is not working. Teens don’t realize that having a baby is a lot of responsibility financially as well as physically and mentally and they are not fully prepared to take on those responsibilities. So then it either falls in the hands of the teen’s parents or in the taxpayers in the form of welfare. Many teens that get pregnant not only suffer in school or drop out but they also could face other problems such as social or mental problems. Socially teen mothers have very limited social contact or friendships because their friends have moved on in school and with their social lives. The teen mother has little or no time for a social life because all of their time is focused on their child. Another problem they face is because of the lack of social interactions it could lead to depression or some sort of mental anxiety. Teens do have many options if they are faced with an unexpected pregnancy. Many unfortunately have abortions. There is also the option of giving the baby up for adoption; this would be the best option as it gives another family the chance at raising a child that they otherwise could not have of their own. That child may grow up very healthy and happy as opposed to growing up unwanted and possibly in poverty. According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists adolescent mothers are significantly less likely to receive a high school diploma than teens that wait to have sex. They are also more likely to live in poverty, receive public assistance, and have long periods of welfare dependency. (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Teen Childbearing in the US costs federal, state, and local taxpayers at least $9. billion annually (Hoffman). Other issues of teen pregnancy is that it can be physically difficult for a teen girl to go through a pregnancy because she is still growing herself and her body may not be able to take the physical demand of being pregnant. They are less likely to seek medical attention such as prenatal care because many are afraid to tell their parents and it could prolong the much needed early prenatal care and if there are problems in the pregnancy, they could have been avoided with early care. Other problems could be that the teen may have been smoking or drinking or doing drugs at the time of conception and those things could be harmful to the baby. In turn if the baby is harmed there will more likely be added medical expenses before during and even after delivery. Some of the most obvious consequences of a teenage pregnancy is that the baby will not receive the adequate support it needs either financially or emotionally because the mother or father has not fully matured and usually has dropped out of school to take a meaningless job that pay minimum wage. Often times the baby will suffer from emotional problems ecause the parent or parents also have emotional problems from not being mature enough to raise a child. Some teenagers feel burdened by the child because they never had the chance to live out their teenage years and many times the child of these parents could feel this resentment. Another negative aspect could be that the children of teenage parents could suffer from neglect because the parent hasn’t matured enough to recognize the need for proper nutrition, or medical care or the child is usually left in the care of others while they go out, regardless of whether that person is trustworthy or not. Children of teenage mothers have significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even some protective effects are observed (Sams). In conclusion a teenager is not fully equipped to care for a child and there could be devastating consequences for that child to be raised by a teenager whether it is because of financial burdens or emotional problems. Teenagers need to be made aware of all of these consequences and what could happen to them if they make the wrong choice of having sex before they are ready. References http://www.articlealley.com/article_479589_17.html

Introduction of the Working Process of Sand Production Line

Thus , according to Henna Machinery Co. , Ltd. To develop much needed gravel industry , saw the opportunity , vigorously develop innovation and mining machinery and equipment upgrades . Henna Machinery Co. , Ltd. Can offer to develop a variety of stone production line according to customer requirements for engineering detailed stone and construction sand , stone crusher , Henna Machinery Co. Ltd. O develop a high degree of automation production lines , large crushing ratio , high production efficiency, capacity large, through the broken product without internal cracks , high compressive strength , in addition to equipment maintenance simplicity , the vulnerability of seniors to improve the current international high- strength wear-resistant materials , low loss and long service life , can bring considerable economic benefits to customers .Construction of buildings need a lot of sand , but the sand Is not the same quality requirements , artificial sand and natural and analogy, rough a ppearance and shape is the main difference between bad . Rough appearance and shape of the less round, pouring concrete for the activity caused adverse effects , such activity will result in poor open areas free of concrete being produced , it can be said sand maker directly affect the quality of the project . Therefore, the quality of the pros and cons of artificial sand should be mainly in rough shape and the appearance of circularity , In addition , artificial sand produced raw materials . S well as other synthetic material limitations are caused by the manufacturing industry will need to take it seriously and construction companies facing problems. Scientific management, advanced processing technology and innovative manufacturing theory make Foote Heavy Machinery become the exporting base of mobile crusher plant, wheel mobile Jaw crusher and famous grinding equipment In China. What Honoring has done is for the clients and we believe that quality Is the best way to develop market .Artificial sand looks rough and circularity poor , mainly determined by the production equipment. Look from the perspective of industry associations , artificial sand production as springing with the herd instinct of the phenomenon , and more practitioners lack of expertise , coupled with the technology behind sand making equipment sector produced only the interests of suppliers , appearing on the market a lot of poor quality and immature equipment , to the healthy development of the cause of the artificial sand brought severe consequences.Lu , president of those known to conquer the world , whether to do anything for a class of companies said the accused , he said, those companies producing equipment production efficiency is low, and capital consumption is amazing , is not mature production equipment. Therefore, any investment has risks , artificial sand is no exception investment , investors need to pay attention to , in addition to market demand and prospects , but also need to be there really enough expert advice.At present , China has some of the artificial sand equipment conduct of investment business prenatal training and after-sales service , to develop Henna Foote Machinery Co. , Ltd. On behalf of China†s artificial sand equipment production enterprise technologies level. Mobile quarry plant: http:// www. Chinatown. Com/pro/pap. HTML

Cash Management Paper

Cash Management Paper Free Online Research Papers Cash Management Paper Cash is the lifeblood of companies. Cash provides the liquidity needed to meet everyday obligations owed to suppliers and creditors and the flexibility to take advantage of new opportunities that may arise. Managing cash is a delicate issue for many firms. For businesses cash is the key to daily operations, but cash is a non-earning asset. Dollars tied up in cash could be earning higher rates of return if invested in other areas. Large corporations spend considerable time and resources in cash management; dollars are transferred back and forth between marketable securities and cash accounts that earn a higher rate of return. Negotiated credit lines serve to supplement depleted cash during periods of shortage. Short-term financing is a portal that allows firms to operate with a low cash balance. The first part of this paper will explain the various cash management techniques. The second half of the paper will address the types of short-term financing a financial manager of a firm has to choose from. Cash Management Techniques While private citizens are often taught conservative cash management practices, most companies do not want to keep any more cash on hand than absolutely necessary. Companies must keep some cash for transactions, bank payments, and potential emergencies; although, the opportunity cost of holding an excess of cash rather than reinvesting it into current assets or growing the firms fixed assets is often significant. Multiple techniques can be used by a firm to manage its cash. These techniques are broken down into three separate categories: collections and disbursements, management of accounts receivable, and inventory management. Collections and Disbursements Float is the difference between the firm’s recorded amount and the amount credited to the firm by the bank. This is the result of a time delays in mailing, processing, and clearing checks through the bank (Block Hirt, 2004). Companies can use this to their advantage. If $500 in checks was written to suppliers and $800 was deposited in checks received by the company, possibly only $300 of the checks written by the company had cleared and $700 of the received checks had cleared. This would give the firm an extra $300 in available short term funds. A company can manage their cash by improving collections by using collection centers or lockbox systems. Collection centers help companies process checks quicker. Lockboxes process checks quickly and at a lower cost. The slowing of disbursements is not uncommon in cash management (Block Hirt, 2004). Banks assist firms in controlling disbursements. This allows the firm to time their payments so that they hold their cash as long as possible. The costs of a comprehensive cash management program can be substantial. The use of disbursement centers and remote collection can be expensive; along with the banks that may charge a fee or require the maintenance of adequate deposit balances. The use of a lockbox system may bring costs down, but overall the costs are significant. The firm needs to run a cost-benefit analysis to compare the expenses of the cash management program to the benefits that will be accrued by having a comprehensive program. Electronic funds transfer is the process of moving funds from one computer terminal to another without the use of a check. The techniques used to delay payments and floats are being reduced due to technology and the technique of electronic funds transfer (Block Hirt, 2004). Automated clearing houses (ACH) transfer information between one financial institution to another, and from account to account via computer. Direct deposit of checks is one of the most popular uses of ACHs. As stated by Block Hirt (2004), â€Å" It is estimated by Elliot C. McEntee, president and CEO of NACHA, that Americans save more that $1 billion in postage costs and late fees in 2003 by using direct payments, while companies and government agencies saved billions of dollars† (p. 182). Corporations that do business in many nations can shift money from country to country. Interest rates are different in all countries; therefore, a company may prefer to take advantage of high interest rates available in a particular country. Financial institutions and businesses can now make multicurrency payments via computer. According to Investopedia (2009), â€Å"Marketable Securities are very liquid securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price. Marketable securities are very liquid as they tend to have maturities of less than one year. Furthermore, the rate at which these securities can be bought or sold has little effect on their prices† (Marketable Securities,  ¶ 1). Marketable securities consist of: treasury bills, treasury notes, treasury inflation protection securities, federal agency securities, certificate of deposit, commercial paper, banker’s acceptance, Eurodollar certificate of deposit, passbook savings account, and money market accounts. Firms will maintain levels of marketable securities to ensure that they are able to replenish cash balances quickly and to obtain higher returns than is possible by maintaining cash. Companies will hold securities with very little risk for their immediate cash needs. Highly liquid debt instruments such as commercial paper (short-term marketable promissory notes issued by financial institutions and other corporations), bankers acceptances (drafts issued and accepted by banks often used in international trade) and various government securities such as Treasury Bills and agency notes are frequently maintained in marketable security accounts. Other highly liquid instruments such as money market funds and certificates of deposit, are also maintained as marketable securities Management of Accounts Receivable Firms maintain accounts receivables to stimulate sales. Many clients prefer to make purchases on credit. A liberal accounts receivable policy tends to result in increased sales levels. That is, firms may stimulate their sales levels by relaxing their terms of credit. However, maintenance of accounts receivable represents an opportunity cost to the firm in terms of forgone returns on other assets. Furthermore, accounts receivable represent potential bad debt losses to the firm. The firm must find the appropriate balance of these costs relative to the benefits associated with accounts receivable. This appropriate or optimal balance occurs when the marginal costs of credit policy exactly offset its marginal benefits. Many firms will establish a credit period for their customers but will offer discounts to encourage them to pay early. For example, the terms 2/10, net 30 state that the bill is due in full within 30 days but the customer is offered a 2% discount if it pays within 10 days. Longer credit periods or more liberal credit terms are likely to stimulate sales, but at the same time, the firm forgoes the use of its money for a greater length of time and increases the potential for bad debt losses. Increasing the percentage discount will help speed the collection process, but at the expense of total cash flows from sales. Many firms will ease credit terms for products that take longer to sell. Such low turnover goods are more likely to be tied up longer as inventory; using liberal credit terms to defer cash receipts from their sale is less costly if the alternative is higher inventory levels. Similarly, more competitive markets for the firm’s products may also encourage more liberal cre dit terms since such terms may enhance the firm’s ability to compete. Before extending credit, the firm will probably wish to investigate the credit-worthiness of the customer. This investigation may simply focus on the firm’s customer’s credit history with the firm or may include contacting various credit reporting agencies (such as Dun and Bradstreet), checking with the customers bank and other suppliers of credit and examining the customer’s financial statements and operations. The financial statement analysis will probably require the use of financial ratios, particularly those reflecting the firms liquidity position. Inventory Management Inventory falls into three categories raw material, work in progress, and finished goods. According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"All of these forms need to be financed and their efficient management can increase a firm’s profitability† (p.194). The firm needs to decide if they are going to follow a level or seasonal production plan. It also must take into account inflation and deflation. It must hedge by using a futures contract to sell at a certain price in the near future. The firm must develop an inventory model. It can do this by first assessing various costs, including those resulting from ordering inventories and those associated with carrying inventory. Order costs will include all expenses resulting from obtaining inventory such as administrative ordering costs incurred by the firm, fees to agents, and in some cases, shipping costs. Inventory carry costs will include storage expenses such as warehouse heating and lighting costs. With this information the firm c an then determine the economic ordering quantity (EOQ). This is the most advantageous amount for the firm to order each time. The equation is: . S = Total Sales in units, O = Ordering cost for each order, C = Carrying cost per unit in dollars. If an entity runs out stock it could lose sales to a competitor. This may cause a firm to hold what is called safety stock. Even though the company will determine the optimum order quantity, they cannot predict the delivery schedules for suppliers or the fact that there will be stock to purchase when the old inventory reaches zero. This safety stock will help reduce these risks. â€Å"The amount of safety stock that a firm carries is likely to be influenced by the predictability of inventory usage and the time period necessary to fill inventory orders† (Block Hirt, 2004, p. 199). Just-in-time inventory (JIT) is a way to keep inventory costs down. This concept started in Japan with Toyota. Three components must be present: quality production with customer satisfaction; close ties between suppliers, manufacturers, and customers; and, low inventory. The benefits of JIT include cost savings from lower levels of inventory and reduced financing costs. Methods of Short-Term Financing Short-term financing opportunities are available in a variety of ways to companies. Most of short-term transactions covered by financing are for periods of 180 days or less. Short-term financing is required when the need to increase inventory is present. Inventory is then converted to sales. When extended payment terms are given to these sales, accounts receivable are created. Inventory and accounts receivable are short-term and provide a collateral base for a lender to provide financing. A company may need financing when the inventory and accounts receivable grow at a fast pace as a result of continually increasing sales; this creates the need for funds to support the increase in the accounts that are growing at a faster rate than the accounts receivables can be converted to cash. The many different types of short-term financing will be explored throughout the rest of the paper. Trade Credit According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"The largest provider of short-term credit is usually at the firm’s doorstep – the manufacturer or seller of goods and services (p. 211). A firm will use its accounts payable to fund future operations, this is called trade credit. The usual payment period for trade credit is 30 to 60 days. Many companies allow a cash discount to encourage early payment. A 2/10, net 30 cash discount means 2% will be deducted from the price if the payment is remitted in 10 days. Failure to do so will result in the full amount being due in 30 days. Bank Credit â€Å"Banks can provide financing for seasonal needs, product line expansion, and long-term growth† (Block Hirt, 2004, p. 212). Because of bank deregulation an entity now has access to many different kinds of banks that can be used for short-term financing; commercial banks, savings and loans, credit unions, brokerage houses, and new companies offering financial services are just a few options that firms can choose from. When using a bank for short term financing prime rates need to be considered. The higher the customer’s credit risk, the higher of an interest rate will be charged by the bank. Since London is the center of the Eurodollar deposits, United States businesses can borrow from London banks quite easily. The London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) is usually lower than the prime rate in the U.S.; therefore, companies can borrow from the London banks at a lower interest rate than they would get in the U.S. Many banks require a compensating balance when money is borrowed. This must be looked at closely by the financial manager. This requires the company to borrow more than is needed because a portion of the loan will be kept in an account with the bank. When a company takes a term loan or secures a loan with interest and a compensating balance a cost-benefit analysis needs to be done by the financial manager. The cost for borrowing money these ways can be high. The amount of money the company might expend on securing short-term financing through a bank might not be a financially smart decision. Commercial Paper A short-term promissory note issued to the public in minimum units of $25,000 is called commercial paper (Block Hirt, 2004). Commercial paper is broken down into two categories: finance paper and dealer paper. Finance paper is sold directly from the finance company to the lender. Dealer paper is sold by small companies such as utility firms, industrial companies, and financial firms. The commercial paper is then distributed by intermediate dealers for the small companies. Financial managers like using commercial paper for their short-term financing needs because they have no compensating balances and the charged interest rates are usually below the prime interest rate. According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"Although the funds provides through the issuance of commercial paper are cheaper than bank loans, they are also less predictable† (p. 221). Accounts Receivable Financing If a borrower’s credit rating is too low or its need for funds too large, the lending institution might require that certain assets be used as collateral. Accounts receivable financing is a way for the company to get the funding. A company can either pledge the accounts receivable or factor them. Pledging accounts receivables means the financing company will lend 60% 90% of the value of the acceptable collateral. If the borrower defaults on the loan the lender will have full recourse against borrower. Interest rates are generally well above prime for this type of loan. Factoring the accounts receivables means that the company sold those accounts directly to the lender. The customer’s will now make their payments directly to the lending company. The borrowing firm will pay the factoring firm a commission fee as well a lending rate for assuming the risk of the accounts receivable. Inventory Financing Entities may also borrow against their inventory to gain funds. According to Block Hirt (2004), â€Å"The extent to which inventory financing may be employed is based on the marketability of the pledged goods, their associated price stability, and the perishability of the productâ€Å"(p. 226). Borrowing against inventory can be done three ways: blanket inventory liens, trust receipts, and warehousing. Blanket inventory liens are the simplest way to borrow against the inventory. There is no physical transfer of the merchandise. The lending company has a general claim against the inventory. Trust receipts are instruments acknowledging that the borrower holds the inventory and proceeds from the sales in trust for the lender (Bloch Hirt, 2004). Each piece of inventory is marked with a serial number; when it is sold, the proceeds are given to the lender and the trust receipt is destroyed. This gives more control to the lender than blanket inventory does but the borrower still has physical control of the inventory. Warehousing is when the inventory is physically stored in a warehouse under the direction of a third party warehousing company. The goods can only be moved with the lender’s approval. If the inventory is stored in the third party warehousing company’s warehouse it is called public warehousing. Field warehousing is when the inventory is kept in the borrower’s warehouse but is controlled by a third party warehousing company. Conclusion Cash flow management is absolutely critical to the financial survival of a firm. A shortage of cash may result in a firm that shows a profit on its income statement but is bankrupted by being unable to meet its financial obligations. Cash management is a broad term that refers to the collection, concentration, and disbursement of cash. It encompasses a companys level of liquidity, its management of cash balance, and its short-term investment strategies. In some ways, managing cash flow is the most important job of business managers. If at any time a company fails to pay an obligation when it is due because of the lack of cash, the company is insolvent. According to Answers.com (2009), â€Å"Insolvency is the primary reason firms go bankrupt† (Cash Management,  ¶ 3). Obviously, the possibility of such a consequence should encourage companies to manage their cash with care. Moreover, efficient cash management means more than just preventing bankruptcy; it improves the profita bility and reduces the risk to which the firm is exposed. References Answers.com. (2009). Cash Management. Retrieved July 11, 2009, from answers.com/topic/cash-management Block, S., B., Hirt, G., A. (2004). Foundations of Financial Management, 11/e. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from University of Phoenix eBook Collection on the World Wide Web: apollolibrary.com. Investopedia. (2009). Marketable Securities. Retrieved July 11, 2009, from investopedia.com/terms/m/marketablesecurities.asph-management Research Papers on Cash Management PaperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal Immigration