Moral obligations of multinational corporations

Presentation Majority accept that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have the ethical commitments to help poor nations as a result of their money related abilities. In any case, a large portion of the organizations have been exposed to moral assessment concerning their lead of misusing the assets in facilitating nations.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Moral commitments of worldwide partnerships explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More truth be told, libertarian scholars bolstered the thought that global companies have the ethical obligation of offering back to the general public in any structure that is esteemed helpful. The explanation is that the assets global companies keep on misusing should profit the entire society. Despite what might be expected, pundits contend that the significant point of such associations is to misuse the assets of host countries for financial, social and biological development. Further, worldwide partnerships take part in crimes that subvert the human respect (Donaldson 70). The paper contends for the case putting together the contentions with respect to different hypothetical system including libertarianism just as Avoid, Protect and Aid rules of MNCs toward the general public. As it were, the paper will concentrate on the Avoid, Protect and Aid rules of MNCs toward the general public to bring out plainly the reasons why worldwide organizations have moral commitment to satisfy. Nonetheless, the paper will use the rights in the worldwide market idea to reprimand the perspectives held by libertarian speculations to break down the advantages of MNCs thinking about treatment of local workers, outside endeavors, move of present day aptitude and the board procedures. The rights in the worldwide market idea analyze the requirement for global companies to maintain singular rights especially in have countries.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Libertarian hypotheses According to libertarian speculations of the corporate and worldwide private enterprise, global endeavors have moral commitments of returning continues to partners inside the limits of good side-limitations that are grounded in the principles of the game (Arnold 158). Moreover, the arrival of benefits ought to be inside the areas of cultural expectations including advancement of foundation organizations, legitimate commitments, ethics just as social corporate obligation. Center to the advantages worldwide organizations offer to the general public is the financial guide that is equipped towards mitigating cultural tribulations. Maintain a strategic distance from, Protect and Aid rules of MNCs The acknowledgment of social and financial rights Multinational enterprises have embedded a great deal of social and monetary impact in the issues of the host nations. Truth be told, with diminished impact of gover nment offices on the open issues, global companies are a piece of the private substances that have progressively increased a great deal of effect on the open issues. Advantages general society is probably going to get from the MNCs are a piece of the financial privileges of a person. Truth be told, global partnerships understand their objectives to the network through numerous ways. The primary significant road is the cultural establishments. Fortifying such foundations gives a definite methods through which global associations can be used to give help to the destitute individuals in poor nations (Hsieh 270). The key units of the general public, for example, instruction, wellbeing, financial establishments and governments are basic concerning the tasks of business associations. Global companies need to team up with these organizations so as to achieve the fundamental job of returning piece of their returns to the general public. Truth be told, worldwide enterprises ought to perceive the significance of different organizations of society and comprehend that organizations can't work in a void (Hsieh 170). At the end of the day, worldwide partnerships are a piece of the monetary organizations of society and should profit the networks where they operate.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Moral commitments of global companies explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More on a fundamental level, the global endeavors work in multifaceted conditions and have moral commitments to satisfy the needs of different cultural foundations including governments, just as the network facilitating their activities. Corporate responsibility Besides, the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as of now being applied in a corporate world has been gotten from the standards of libertarianism. Actually, the possibility of corporate social duty has been polished in the course of the most recent decades. The thought coins the significance of companies to the networks encompassing regions where such undertakings work. Indeed, the standard behind CSR is that enormous companies are answerable for singular activities. Additionally, the advantages of the partnerships ought to be shared by the networks, which are considered as a feature of the partners. As a matter of fact, there is a developing worry among universal gatherings especially Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) encouraging worldwide endeavors to offset continues with network residency. At the end of the day, global organizations have moral commitments to meet the financial, legitimate and moral just as altruistic expectations of the general public (Falkenberg 32). In the current worldwide setting where market decides the survivability of firms, global organizations ought to incorporate the segments of worldwide CSR in tasks so as to keep existing. The components of global CSR involve monetary, lawful and moral jobs. Further, worldwide undertakings are likewise expected to b e acceptable corporate residents through generous duties (Arnold 158). As a general rule, worldwide enterprises ought to be socially capable through the arrangement of budgetary, just as some other guide the networks may need.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More As it were, they ought to be strong of the destitute networks especially through direct money related guide or contributing colossally towards exercises that mitigate social issues besetting the general public. Center to the libertarian standards are the financial duties of global enterprises. The primary contention is that global enterprises ought to enjoy exercises that advantage the general public. As a matter of fact, the establishment of worldwide business forms is to create products and enterprises that give answers for issues besetting the general public (Falkenberg 20). As such, benefit making which is consistently a definitive goal of worldwide undertakings should meet prerequisites of the worldwide society. Basically, firms ought to cling to worldwide vital administration rules that give moral direction on the accomplishment of creation and benefit. Through benefits, worldwide enterprises have the capacity of giving budgetary guide or adding to the activities equipped towar ds addressing the necessities of society (Arnold 159). Moreover, worldwide organizations can take part in the creation of merchandise and ventures that legitimately advantage the general public. For example, multinationals in the pharmaceutical business can participate in delivering hostile to retroviral (ARV) drugs that can straightforwardly be utilized to mitigate passings coming about because of HIV/AIDS in poor nations as opposed to adding to monetary guide. Further, global associations must comply with the predetermined worthy paces of return in have countries. The explanation is that MNCs work in nations that are in desperate need of help. Also, complete yearly profit of MNCs equivalent the host countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Accordingly, it would be normal for these nations to request higher paces of come back from the worldwide companies (Hsieh 266). In any case, one significant issue in the current arrangement is whether global organizations have more promi nent obligations to the more extensive society. As saw by libertarian scholars, most academic works bolster the contention that worldwide organizations have more prominent duties to react to cultural requirements. Be that as it may, pundits of the view contend that the sole obligation of worldwide undertakings is to ensure that investors acquire their due. As such, the worldwide organizations are capable to the investors and not the general public. Exercises of MNCs equipped towards the general public ought to be viewed as altruistic and not an ethical obligation. Fundamentally, the investors ought to conclude whether to impart their profits to the general public. Besides, global organizations ought to react to the requirements of society without harming the organizations, just as fundamental target of amplifying benefit. As showed, calls for global companies to add to the necessities of society are constrained to NGOs as well as world pioneers, activists and researchers. The explan ation is that thinking about the budgetary capacities, MNCs are in better situations to offer help. Be that as it may, helps from global companies ought not conflict with the principle reason for making benefits. The rule of giving guide underlies activities that would forestall an event of an issue. As per this point of view, global organizations should take activities equipped towards forestalling the cultural issues by acquiring little expenses. Actually, costs associated with the social duty ought to be not exactly the corporate returns. Moreover, worldwide enterprises should act when given circumstances where the expenses of forestalling serious issues tormenting society are generally little. As such, MNCs have moral duties of forestalling serious issues burdening society at sma

Monsanto Expansion

Monsanto development Monsanto Corporation was found in SST. Louis Missouri in 1901. The Monsanto Chemical Company was worked for its business of selling food added substances, for example, saccharin and caffeine. During the previous ten years or something like that, Monsanto had blended its synthetic compounds business to concentrate on biotechnology. By utilizing entire frameworks of herbicides, pesticides and hereditarily built seeds intended to prosper In a domain overwhelmed with synthetic concoctions, Monsanto vowed to assist ranchers with sustaining the world more resourcefully.Monsanto, notable for its untruths and ruined managing in pesticides, was established Just to remote saccharin in 1901 which prompted further untrustworthily. What was its fundamental client at that point? A beverage organization named Coca-Cola. Roughly 60 percent of food created in the United States has pesticides. Monsanto Indeed had been changing the qualities of these nourishments. Monsanto began de livering EDT In 1944. Rachel Carbon's Silent Spring discussed how pesticides were terrible for our condition. Much of the time she is correct. Pesticides are hurtful to all aspects of life. At the point when pesticides enter a body it will never leave, the body can't break it down.The Monsanto Company made up their own rendition called â€Å"The forlorn year. This story shows the impacts if there were no pesticides and no real way to end Insects. This story Is about Insects over-running a world lacking pesticide harms. Another book called â€Å"Desolate Spring† that indicated an America land squander not by pesticides yet by creepy crawlies: â€Å"The bugs were all over the place. Rachel Carson couldn't react in view of malignant growth tumors in her cervical vertebrae. This caused loss of capacity In her correct composing hand, than her demise year and a half later from bosom malignant growth. At the point when Rachel Carbon's Silent Spring was distributed in 1963Monsanto biotech seeds and characteristics represented right around 90 percent of the complete world zone. It was committed to Genetically Modified seeds by 2007. Today, more than 80 percent of the overall locale Is dedicated to Genetically Modifying crops conveying in any event one hereditary characteristic for herbicide resilience. Herbicides represent around 33% of the worldwide pesticide showcase. Monsanto glasshouse-safe are â€Å"Roundup Ready seeds that have ruled extraordinary on the biotech scene for longer than 10 years. Gathering is the world's greatest selling pesticides and it has helped make Monsanto the world's fifth biggest agrochemical partnership. Whiteners and food added substances, pharmaceuticals, modern materials and farming synthetic compounds. The organization's history was mostly in the synthetic compounds industry. Having begun in 1901 as a maker of saccharin; by the backtalk's Monsanto was engaged with organizations with oil/gas investigation, the creation of acid ic corrosive, plastics, manufactured elastic, saps, polystyrene, polyethylene, protection, fire resistant materials, and Astronaut. In 1978, horticulture and food preparing together represented Just 17 percent of the organization's deals. These days, Monsanto is one of the world's biggest seed companies.Although it remains the producer of the world's top of the line herbicide brand and gathering; it has shed its mechanical and claim to fame synthetic compounds divisions. The sugars business and even the pharmaceutical auxiliary which it procured in 1985 is currently an agrarian business that centers around herbicides and seeds and is 2 totally leader of the worldwide market for hereditarily adjusted yield characteristics. The significant components of this emotional change in the organization's profile happened in just around ten years between the early backtalk's and the early sass's.The impacts that these pesticides Monsanto started making got dangerous to every single existing an imal. When making â€Å"2, 3, 5 - T† in the late sass's, its laborers created skin disturbances, Joint/appendage torment, shortcoming, touchiness, apprehension and loss of charisma. It likewise caused Cancer and liver issue. As obstetricians in Vietnam know, frightful fetal distortions have likewise been firmly connected to the corrupted herbicide. In 1944, being one of fifteen organizations authorized to do as such, Monsanto started producing EDT. EDT is a manufactured pesticide utilized for horticulture; to help free of creepy crawlies and help ailment control.EDT was banished after the â€Å"Environmental Protection Agency' discovered these synthetic substances would have been poisonous to society. Monsanto was likewise one of not many organizations to create the defoliant â€Å"Agent Orange† during the Vietnam War causing more than 900,000 passings, handicaps and birth deserts. Altogether, more than 4. 8 million Vietnamese were presented to this exceptionally dead ly compound, just as 20 percent of the Southern Vietnamese Jungle more than nine years. The presentation of Genetically Modified yields has been advanced by three stalemates Monsanto, Agents, and Brayer.These organizations are liable for practically the entirety of the financially discharged â€Å"Genetically Modified† crops on the planet today. Presently Monsanto 3 selling â€Å"Roundup-Ready' soybeans, canola and corn seeds, which are produce plants that can stand high dosages of Monsanto herbicide Roundup. As of late Monsanto has gotten a few seed organizations including â€Å"Holder's Foundation Seeds†, â€Å"Grows',† Agronomics†,† Deckle Genetics†, â€Å"Delta and Pine Land† and â€Å"Segments Grocer's†. Basically Monsanto is controlling the grain advertise. Its hereditary built, herbicide safe seed could turn into the main decision for farmers.In expansion Monsanto merger with American Home Products makes the greatest produ cer of pesticides and herbicides in the planet. In the event that Monsanto overwhelms both the grain and pesticide advertise it is extremely unlikely anybody will have the option to fight with them. There are four harvests that have been the essential wellspring of hereditarily change. These harvests are soybeans, maize, cotton and canola. On the planet commercial center these harvests have end up being really vital. As per industry sources; soybeans, size, cotton and canola comprise 99 percent of the world's land of GM crops.With soybeans alone covering 60 percent of the complete planted region, it was assessed that 56 percent of the soybeans being cultivated were hereditarily adjusted. Cotton was 28 percent hereditarily changed and Maize 19 percent. Today, the majority of these GM crops are gathered in a couple of nations. During the initial seven years of sustaining in 1996 and 2002 just three nations the United States, Argentina and Canada were in meant. In 2004, in excess of 84 percent of â€Å"Genetically Modified† crops were still experienced in these equivalent three nations.

Electron Microscopy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Electron Microscopy - Coursework Example A chose zone gap is embedded into the back central plane of the target focal point to choose the necessary shaft. At the point when the immediate pillar is chosen, a brilliant field picture is shaped, and when the diffracted shaft is chosen, a dim field picture is framed. Splendid field picture The given micrograph shows a brilliant field picture of a MgO gem. The precious stone example seems dim with a brilliant foundation. The foundation shows up brilliant in light of the fact that lone the immediate light emission electrons is chosen and let to go through the gap. The surface topology and the raised surface on the gem are plainly recognizable. This sort of picture is gotten by setting the target stomach or the chose territory gap in the back central plane of the goal focal point. The gap permits just direct pillar to go through while hindering the diffracted bar. The immediate shaft shows up as a splendid focal spot. The gap likewise keeps up the assortment edge. As found in the b eam outline underneath, the target opening hinders the diffracted pillar, permitting just the transmitted bar to arrive at the picture plane. Darkfield picture The given micrograph shows a dull field picture of a MgO gem. The precious stone example seems lighter than the foundation. The foundation is dim. The edges of the gem are exceptionally pronounced.â In the event of the dull field imaging, additionally called as the focal dim field activity, the chose zone gap isn't moved, however the episode shaft is tilted to permit the dispersed electrons in the diffracted bar to go through the goal opening. An aggregate beam outline for both splendid field and dull field imaging is given underneath: Selected Area Diffraction Pattern The given micrograph shows the chose territory diffraction example of a MgO precious stone. The cross section structure of the precious stone is effectively understandable from the given SAED design. Diffraction from a solitary gem in a polycrystalline example can be caught if the opening is sufficiently little and the gem is sufficiently huge. To acquire such an example, the chose territory opening is set in the picture plane of the target focal point and used to choose just a single piece of the picture. Utilizing projector focal points to concentrate on electron bars to get little spots on the item surface, the diffraction examples can be gotten. Utilizing this example, the cross section of precious stones can be effortlessly examined and it is additionally conceivable to decide the direction connections between grains or even various stages. 2. (a) From a grid picture acquired from a solitary gem of BaZrO3 (Fig. 4) decide the amplification. Contrast this and the amplification got utilizing the scale bar. Figure the length the scale bar ought to be. To compute the amplification from the cross section picture given, the accompanying recipe for amplification is utilized: Magnification (M) = A stepwise answer for the given issue is introduced underneath: Step 1 Calculation of pixel to cm proportion: The size of the picture is estimated in pixels and centimeters and saw as: Height in pixels= 556 pixels= 14.7cm

Demographics Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Socioeconomics Report - Essay Example This has seen an expansion in business open doors for already under-used work power sources like ladies and age U. At long last, segment changes in Europe have made an undeniably worldwide and versatile market. Evolving DEMOGRAPHICS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR BUSINESS Introduction European states face difficulties with the piece of their age structure changing generously now and sooner rather than later. Segment change likewise requires advancement of critical social approaches. The idea of segment change can be characterized as the age structure of a populace acclimating to different changes in the day to day environments. These adjustments in the cultural age structure organization result from social movements. The European Union populace pyramids show that, after the Second World War, the initial two decades experienced particularly high paces of birth. Be that as it may, since the 1970s, proficient demographers have started to watch negative patterns in Europe’s populace s tructure. Lower paces of birth come, in the present and late past, with ever-expanding future among Europeans. Continuous low paces of birth have seen a movement towards a maturing society, as paces of mortality stay low. Therefore, around half of populace development anticipated in Europe somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2050 will be on the grounds that its populace is living longer, instead of an expansion in birth rates. Moreover, the person born after WW2 age is currently coming past its retirement edge and features a defining moment in the improvement of socioeconomics. This paper expects to examine the effect of segment changes on business tasks in the United Kingdom and the bigger European Union. The difficulties of segment change allude to the modifications or changes emerging from a general public that is maturing. Maturing of the populace is a drawn out pattern that began decades prior in the European Union and the UK. This maturing has been generally noticeable in the a ge structure improvement, reflected in the expanding portion of more seasoned residents, combined with a declining portion of people in the working age in the absolute populace. In the previous two decades, the working age share in the European Union expanded by 0.3% while that of the more established age developed by an increasingly critical 3.7%. Along these lines, top of the age pyramid for the EU-27 for the year 2012 has expanded when contrasted with that in the year 1992. This development in more established people’s relative offer can be clarified by an expansion in life span, which has been in proof for certain decades as future has additionally expanded. This improvement is alluded to as the populace pyramid’s ‘ageing of the top’. Then again, low fruitfulness levels have stayed over the European Union, bringing about a diminished portion of the more youthful age. This is alluded to as maturing at the base. The EU-27s middle age improvement of the p opulace additionally delineates a maturing populace. The middle age has gone up from thirty five and a half in 1990 to forty one in the year 2012. The middle age has ascended in all the EU part states by in any event seven years. Effects of Demographic Changes in the EU and UK Never before has there been such a quick change in socioeconomics, in Europe. On the landmass, the

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Publicizing - Essay Example The banner would state â€Å"man, that’s so ‘a part of a city, particularly a ghetto, involved by a minority gathering or gatherings, sequestered them dependent on financial status† followed by something that says â€Å"think of your words.† Another model would be â€Å"that’s so ‘happy’† or â€Å"that’s so ‘person who is pulled in to somebody of the equivalent gender† with a similar trademark. Outwardly, I envision these print battles being outwardly basic, with a highly contrasting foundation representation of an individual with a genuine articulation. This would make the natural association that language influences individuals, and is ground-breaking. The content is strong and brilliant, with a shading distinction between the fundamental content and the definition content. These would urge individuals to really think about the importance behind their words and the possibility that they have power all by themselves. Moreover, it will cause individuals to be progressively disparaging of the language they use and how it could influence

Islamophobia In The Daily Mail Inciting Racial Hatred - Free Essay Example

Islamophobia is defined in the dictionary as being: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hatred or fear of Muslims or of their politics or cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the London 7/7 bombings amongst others, some say islamophobia within the media has increased significantly. This work intends to discuss the coverage of Muslims and the religion of Islam as a whole within the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"middle marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ newspaper The Daily Mail and explore whether publications such as the Mail are representing the Muslim race in a negative light. Oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest in the subject matter involved is one that has derived from what is seen, amongst others, as bad journalism; middle market and tabloid newspapers inaccurately reporting issues concerning races such as Muslims. On a daily basis one can pick up a newspaper these days and spot numerous flaws, incorrect language or overall representation of a religion such as Islam. Also, a personal affliction or view in the area is the way in which Muslim communities within the UK are slowly being isolated and are being criticised collectively for the actions of a small population of the religion. When exploring the relationship between the modern West and the East, one should look upon the concept of Orientalism. Saidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1978) work draws on the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Orientalism is never far from what Denys Hay has called the idea of Europe, a collective notion identifying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Europeans as against all à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“thoseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? non-Europeansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Said, 1978: 7). This notion refers to the historical manufacturing of Eastern beings as alien, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, by the West. It is the negative portrayal of extremist Islamic images within frameworks such as the Mail that progresses, as Halliday (1996)(remember reference for this!, see notebook [2]) suggests, this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"myth of confrontationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that pardons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of any need to excuse its enmity towards the E ast and religions such as Islam. Before this paper looks at effects of the theory of islamophobia, it is worth evaluating the polarity of the term itself. Whilst some could say the branding of the term can draw attention to the issue for positive means, further comprehensive literature on the subject and enquiries commissioned (e.g. 1997 Runnymede Trust, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All), there is a flipside. Academics have inferred that this is just another, more refined form of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"new racismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ according to many sociologists. Sociologist Professor Gerard Delanty describes the use of the term islamophobia: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is rooted in mainstream hostility to migrant workers and asylum-seekers, and is based to a considerable degree on ethnocentrism and xenophobia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ on ignorance and fear of the otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Delanty: Conference, see notebook for full reference[1]). Delanty is saying here that the categorisation of the idiom of islamophobia could be creating a new f orm of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"acceptableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ racism. The UK media industry is said by some to be institutionally racist: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This racism is rooted in the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s imperial past, with feelings of racial superiority and crude nationalism now deeply embedded in the dominant cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Keeble, 2009: 175) 2 per cent of the NUJ membership was black, Asian and Arab in the first media-industry wide survey in 1995 by Anthony Delano and John Henningham. Comparing this alongside the national ethnic minority population percentage of 5.26 percent at the time, and it does speak volumes. My research will include a plan to address this view and explore how far or to what extent this reflects an islamophobic nature within newspapers such as The Daily Mail. However, to discuss how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"deep rootedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ this patriotism, or national feeling of superiority over other races goes would be discursive from the intended discussion of the titleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s topic. The role of a national newspaper such as the Mail needs to be highlighted to display the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"contextualisingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ link between islamophobia and the public. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The fact that a familiar newspaper offers a sense of identity and possible security to its regular readers is an important contextualising factor when considering questions of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and ideology.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Ferguson, 1998:175) Considering middle market newspapers such as The Daily Mail and Express along with the tabloids represent more than two thirds of the national daily readership figures (1997 survey: do footnote for this), this is a first base argument for explaining the negative (potential) effect of the press on the masses. A matter to take in to consideration is the recent resignation of Daily Star journalist Richard Peppiatt, on the grounds of the papers islamophobic content. Albeit a personal letter to the Daily Starà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proprietor Richard Desmond, the letter highlights a wide range of anti-Islamic features in the everyday characteristics of national newspapers such as the Star and Mail and labels the former as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anti-Muslim propagandaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The letter does refer to how closely the content of the Star is to the Mailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s through criticism of how the newspapers editors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"build a newspaper from cut-and-paste-jobs off the Daily Mail websiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Where he admits to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stirring up a bit of light-hearted Islamophobiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ himself on the basis that this was in his professional duties at the Star, his disapproval of this demonization is prevalent throughout. He refers to a story the paper published conc erning the condemnation of taxpayer-funded Muslim-only public toilets: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I was personally tasked with writing a gloating follow-up declaring our postmodern victory in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“blockingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the non-existent Islamic cisterns of evilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Peppiatt, 2011). This could just be seen as one individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal attack on a proprietor and therefore not have much worth but it does relate to, and support the theory of institutional racism within the British media. For the proposed intentions of this paper, it is worth noting the presence of Muslims within Britain. In the 2001 UK Census the population of Muslims from all ethnic groups within Britain was just short of 1.6 million (insert reference to table of figures in appendices here). The age old argument from many anti-immigration supporters is that the Muslims within Britain do not attempt to immerse themselves within British culture or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ way of life, owing to increased tensions between the two cultures. Figures show that nearly half (46.4%) of all British Muslims now living in England were born in the country. It could be said that those Muslims who came to the country as adults (first generation) are grateful for the chance to live in a more open society and therefore more willing to integrate themselves within à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ culture. The sooner Western societies such as Britain aid this process of integration with the likes of firs t generation Muslims, the better. As the younger (3rd and 4th) generation of Muslims born in England grows, we could see Muslim communities become increasingly ostracised due to young Muslims anger towards the role of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Muslim lands and issues such as islamophobia within the media becoming more customary. It is also worth presenting the PCC editorial guidelines with regards to discrimination: The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s race, colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability. The second part of the guideline refers to the details of those minority groups and how one should avoid inclusion (of those details) unless necessary to the story. The way in which newspapers such as the Daily Mail steer their content around these guidelines, in order to include xenophobic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"viewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ will be explored later in the literature review. As this paper explores the surrounding themes of discrimination and false representation within the media and directs them towards the influence of a certain publication, it is important to draw from relevant history of the Daily Mail. Some would say the newspapers prejudice against religions such as Islam is a product of its deep-set DNA shown via the papers sympathetic views of Nazi Germany during the war period. The first joint proprietor and owner Lord Rothermere was known to be a friend and supporter of both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler and praised the Nazi regimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accomplishments, which directed the Mailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political stance and was consequently used as propaganda by them. Lord Rothermere published quotes such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regimes already bestowing on Germanyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Rothermere, 1933), as well as printing headlines such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“H urrah for the Blackshirtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Mail, Jan 1934). The Mail was also sympathetic to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. The support for this group was withdrawn after violence at a BUF rally in Kensington Olympia in 1934, which displays the potential harmful influence of newspapers on the masses. Muslims within Britain have struggled with issues of integration and racism ever since there was an increased focus of attention from the media on the Iranian Revolution of 1979 (Asad 1990, see references in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"muslim britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ book). Television screens across the world showed three million people celebrating on the streets of Tehran when Ayatollah Khomeini, known for his support of hostage takers and his calling for the death of British citizen Salman Rushdie, came out of exile; a disconcerting image for most Westerners. The Salman Rushdie affair in 1989 demonstrated the degree to which the media and British Muslims who protested against the bookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (The Satanic Verses) publication became à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"emotionally unhingedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Parekh 1992, see same book + ref) over the issue. The book deeply offended Muslims and ignited debate on blasphemy laws and freedom of speech. Other historical events have all played a part in what Hu ntingtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1996) thesis describes as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"clash of civilisationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, these being: The Gulf War (1990-1), the genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1993-6), the Oklahoma bombing (1995), the Taliban in Afghanistan (1997-2002), Grozny and Kosovo (1999), the recent Palestinian Intifada (since September 2000) and the War on Iraq (2003) (Abbas 2005: 14). These events have and the media , some say (Huntington 1996) widened the gulf between East and West, Islam and Christianity and amplified the theory of Orientalism. (maybe do a little on September 11 attacks here) This paper intends to explore and discuss the different factors owing to the islamophobic content displayed in the Mail and how far it is damaging the representation of Muslim communities within Britain. It would be pointless to explain how islamophobic reporting increased or decreased over the past decade or so as it would be plain to see the increases in islamophobic content around the times of terrorist activities. One will analyse contributing factors such as the origins of islamophobia, the identification of islamophobic content, how closely does that content abide by editorial guidelines and the effect on Muslim communities through critical discussion of the topic and data analysis. The reason as to why one thinks this subject is important and would be of interest to others is the increasing multi-cultured population of Britain. As more ethnic minorities such as Muslims continue to live in Britain, increasing tensions towards people of a particular race can only put more strain on an already weak relationship with Muslim communities. The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate and characterize publications, specifically The Daily Mail and its role in reinforcing or articulating racism, and in damaging ethnic cultural identities. The ways in which these issues are to be addressed and analysed will be explained through my research and its content analysis. Literature review The aim of this chapter is to identify themes relating to the title topic from previous published literature and critically analyse those premises. The intention here is not just to identify those relating themes, but to analyse, criticise, interpret and evaluate those themes in connection with supporting or opposing the underpinning arguments of this paper. Over the past decade or so there is has been an increase in the amount of writing, due to rising concerns from Muslims worldwide, explaining how discourses such as newspapers in Western media are misrepresenting ethnic minorities such as Muslims through presenting a negative image of Islam. My research will however focus on the Daily Mail in particular, portraying negative stereotypes, and the effects those portrayals have, on Muslim communities within Britain. In summary, this chapter will draw from prior literature and examine the complex structures and strategies of news reports and how they affect the interpretations of reade rs. How much does the role of publications such as the Mail play in the reproduction of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"racialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and ethnic inequality in British society. Some of the earliest writing relating to British newspapers such as the Mail portraying Islam as a threat to Western interests comes from Teun van Dijkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: Racism and the Press. The issue of immigration within British newspapers is one that allows anti-Muslim voices to be heard, subjectively criticising the rise in the multiculturalism of Britain: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Mail specifically focuses on alleged abuses of British à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hospitalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and calls for stricter immigration rules. It does not hesitate to publish, with apparent approval, overtly racist statements by right-wing politicians who claim that without further curbs on immigration Britain may become the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dustbinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Van Dijk, 1991: 96) What Van Dijk is inferring is that through government policies concerning issues such as immigration, any right-wing anti-immigration views from politicians or people within the public eye will be published by the Mail with the noticeable support of the paper. Whilst highlighting the political stance and nationalistic nature of the publication, a defence for the paper would revert to free press every time. The earliest and most relevant research in this topic area has also been carried out by Teun Van Dijk. His work in the collection of empirical data surrounding the press and issues of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a starting point for anybody analysing institutional islamophobic contentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effect on British Muslims. Van Dijk started this foundational research in plain content analysis of British newspapers, analysing content such as the repetition of certain words used in headlines in attempt to rouse certain meanings from them. He describes the repetitive use of certain topics of discourse such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and how they are dealt with by the press as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"semantic macro structuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“These global, overall meaning structures of a text consist of a hierarchically arranged set of macro-propositions, which are derived from the meanings (propositions) of the sentences by way of macro-rules. These rules reduce the complex information of the text to its essential gist.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Van Dijk, 1991: 72) Van Dijk is correct in some ways in saying that the prevalence of such vocabulary would suggest that the discursive agenda of newspapers is entrenched in concerns with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In his book Representing Race, Robert Ferguson agrees there are some uses of Van Dijkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It would seem from this as though the media are enganged in an endless process of reproducing already existing prejudices and stereotypes. The extensive content analysis which was undertaken by Van Dijk also demonstrated that ethnic minorities and anti-racists are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"systematically associated with conflict, crime, intolerance and unreliability.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Ferguson, 1998: 130) The flaws in Van Dijkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research are that using empirical data, or strictly content analysis, to develop an understanding of representation can somewhat distort the power of ideology in newspapers text or framing. However, without being blatantly racist, newspapers such as the Mail through concepts of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"normalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can still give strength to negative representations. (Maybe use this paragraph in methods) The detrimental representations of Muslim asylum seekers to Britain, in publications such as the Mail, are highlighted in Arun Kundnanià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The End of Tolerance. Phrases such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"we have to look after our own people firstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, a regular idiom in the Mail, gives strength to the inherent belief within Britain that we cannot satisfactorily provide for ourselves, never mind foreigners or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Thanks to the opportunism of media and politicians, asylum seekers and migrants had been made in to potent symbols for the loss of a nation-state that once à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"belongedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to its people and afforded them certain privileges as citizens.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Kundnani, 2007: 65) This argument is stating that through newspapers persistence in covering issues of economy and well being, the Mail amongst others, tend to shift the blame of these national problems on to asylum seekers, from communities such as Muslims, for increasing the population and adding to pre-existing problems such as rises in unemployment. The only critique of this concept adding to the misrepresentation and islamophobic nature of the Mail, is that this problem spans over a huge area and is historically embedded within a nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s way of thinking. My research aims to uncover the day to day anti-Islamic features of the Mail and expose the problems of intentional or institutional racism that could potentially be fixed. In some ways, previous literature has explained that events such as 9/11 and other Islam related terrorist activities give acceptance to emerging islamophobic voices or views within the media. Chris Allenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chapter in Muslim Britain: Communities under pressure, highlights the enabling of publishing extreme right views on terroristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s religions without backlash. In the wake of Baroness Thatcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s condemnation of Muslim leaders in the Times, insisting that all Muslims à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as a homogeneous group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" should share responsibility for the attacks (4 October 2001). The Telegraph days later published an article entitled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"This War Is not about Terror, Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s about Islamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (7 October 2001). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This article sought not only to praise Baroness Thatcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stance, but also confirm that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Westernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fears were justified because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"some three-quarters of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s migrants in the last decade are said to have been Muslims (these) escapees, victims, scapegoats, malefactors and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sleepersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? are awaiting their moment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Allen, 2005: 61) Jonathan Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chapter in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Muslims in Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ also agrees with this post 9/11 islamophobic reaction from the press without simply analysing the textual content of a newspaper: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“After 9/11, the more prejudicial media comment portrayed British Muslim communities, and especially their young men, as a dangerous and unpatriotic fifth column, which were sympathetic to anti-West resistance and, indeed, the use of violent terror. Mass communications today shape and order these Islamophobic moral panics and the reactive defence to them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Birt, 2009: 217) Here, we can see Birt is agreeing that post terrorist activities, the media is allowed to give a free press voice to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"racistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ views and opinions without fear of backlash from media regulators. The defect in analysing the islamophobic nature of publications such as the Mail surrounding terrorist actions is that it is to be expected. There is bound to be a bad press reaction to national identities and religious viewpoints, how far the negative portrayal of those identities goes without trepidation of media regulators punishment, is an issue that needs to be addressed. The British Journalism Review (March 2006) argues that the same harmful representation of Muslims within the media is the same for other terrorist groups such as the IRA. One can see similarities between views of Catholics from Ulster in the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Muslims today, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“religious affiliationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? trumped all other affiliations: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Britain and the United States the popular line was that if you were a Catholic, you probably supported the IRA. Today, if you are a Muslim, the popular line is that you are probably anti-western or fundamentalist. This is not to say that journalism was and is responsible for these views, but rather that de-contextualised coverage did and does little to throw cold water on old stereotypes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The closest literature relating to the topic title comes from Elizabeth Pooleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims. The book analyses the current situation regarding the image of Muslims by tracking the development of this form of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"new racismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from earlier works. Poole says that the theme of immigration as a problem has now transferred to Muslims (van Dijk 1991), due to, as Lueg (1995) says a population à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"explosionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the Middle East. British Muslims and their homogeny to other Muslims become the feared à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fifth columnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ within (Runnymede Trust 1997). This combined with the discussion of numbers of people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"invadingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the country depicts aspirations of taking over the world, not seeking asylum. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The combination of the hostile threat and movement of Islam promotes the idea that it needs to be managed in a way that allows varied prejudicial practices to continueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Poole, 2002: 47). What Poole is saying is that a plain dislike of the notion of Islam cannot be seen as the central feature of hostility towards Muslims. Attitudes to Muslims derive from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a mixture of xenophobia and racismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ whereby newspapers such as the Mail can discuss or mainly criticise some of the practices of Islam without being seen to be unashamedly prejudice towards Muslims. Another adjoining piece of literature that many academics have drawn from when discussing this topic, is Edward Saidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world (1981). Said argues that the siege of the American embassy in Iran in 1981 and its media coverage initiated an increased attention and portrayal of Islam with danger, militancy and anti-Western sentiment. The text examines the genesis and ramifications of the mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monolithic images of Islam and reveals the twisting of fact that underlies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ coverage of the Islamic world. Said says the application of a Western ideological framework or an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ethnocentric way of seeingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Dahlgren and Chakrapani 1982: 45) has meant we see a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"domesticated Islamic world or those aspects considered to be newsworthyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Said 1981: 27). This has created a dichotomy between the West and Islam whereby the West is seen as judicious, civilized, developed and superior, and Islam as abnormal, undeveloped and inferior. There are a small number of published journals that closely share the intentions of this paper. Diane Frostà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Islamophobia: examining casual links between the media and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"race hateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2007) analyses the media reporting on recent and ongoing terrorist attacks in Britain and the effect on Muslim communities. The paper discusses islamophobic tendencies within British tabloids and their connections with government policies and violence that concerns religion. Whilst it highlights the mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s promotion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moral panicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ such as problems of asylum and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it is saying British tabloids breed on these moral panics, going further than the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"threatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that is actually presented. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Thus, the media have represented Muslims as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"collective problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who threaten the very fabric of British society as supporters of al-Qaida and potential suicide bombers. They are the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"folk devilsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the twenty first centuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Diane Frost 2008 find out how to reference journal). It is worth noting that there are strong links between increased anti-terror legislation and other government measures and the way in which publications such as the Mail criminalise Muslim communities when reporting on such measures and legislation. This type of research will be considered in the methods section of the paper. Ian Hargreaves writes a piece in the New Statesman that demonstrates the negative coverage of immigration from the Mail in relation to fuelling racist attitudes. He says: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is not that I view with cynicism the Daily Mailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to achieve balance in its reporting of racial issues. Rather, I think the paper is misguided in discounting the encouragement its asylum coverage gives to racist sentimentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Hargreaves 2000). Reverting back to the theory that newspapers such as the Daily Mail have colonial instincts and an anti-foreigner viewpoint established within its DNA, Hargreaves is trying to say that these publications are not intending to be racist; they simply believe the types of stories concerning Islam being published are due to the public-interest factor. Christopher Allenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s journal discusses the dangerousness of the concept of Islamophobia in analytical relation with the findings of the Runnymede Trust Report (1997). The reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s findings concluded that Islam is inherently seen as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to the West, reinforcing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dualism. Taking this in to consideration, Allen says we should not be surprised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to see such headlines as The Daily Mailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fanatics with a death wish: I was born in Britain but I am a Muslim firstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Here the Mail is merely reiterating those beliefs that are lodged at the heart of Islamophobiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Allen 2008: 4). The intention of this chapter was to identify underpinning theories, themes and issues published in previous literature in order for readers to understand the intentions of the research and findings that will be developed in the methods and data analysis. Methods and methodology This chapter will discuss the research that this paper will be carrying out, the reasons for using those methods and what results are to be expected. The most appropriate methods will be discussed along with their advantages and limitations, with ethical considerations ensured so that the data is collected in an ethical way. The bulk of previous research method approaches to the mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in the reproduction of racism are mainly content analytical; quantitative and qualitative modes picking out the use of stereotypical words, phrases or image(s) used when representing ethnic minorities (see, for example, Van Dijk 1991, 1997). The reasons for this are that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the communication process is symbolic, and deciphering it inevitably has pride of placeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Downing and Husband 2005: 26), media researchers can access this readily available material rather than examining the construction process or how readers deduce and act upon the text. This discourse analytical method systematically describes different structures and tactics of text in relation to a social or political framework. The method enables for the identification of focus on certain topics in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"semanticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysis form as well as allowing examination of the overall à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ËÅ"organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of news reports. Essentially this means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"discourse may thus be studied as the crucial interface between the social and cognitive dimensions of racismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Cottle 2000: 36). So, publications such as the Mail as a discourse in the social practice of racism can be seen as a main source for peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s racist views/beliefs. According to Berger (1998: 23) content analysts in media research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"assume that behavioural patterns, values and attitudes found in this material reflect and affect the behaviour, attitudes and values of the people who create the materialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The advantages and reason as to why this paper will be adopting a similar style of research is that whilst being most importantly primary, there is no technology or major funds necessary and it has been known to lead to fundamental changes in the practices of an institution, profession and society as a whole. Also as Berger ( 2011: 214) says the data collected can be expressed in numbers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“These numbers provide detailed information that can be interpreted to gain insights into the mind-set of those who created the textà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Another method of research that will be employed is that of conducting surveys to gauge the attitudes and opinions of Daily Mail readers and readers of other newspapers, concerning how the paper represents ethnic minorities. This intends to highlight the negative effect a newspaper has on readerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views of a religion such as Islam and the race of Muslim. Previous survey research done in this area comes from Fourieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2001) Media Studies: Institutions, theories and issues. Using a case study of the press in South Africa, the research featured a survey asking people their perceptions of racism in a number of different publications. The research was conducted by the government (ACNielsen survey) after a large number of complaints were made to the South African media regulatory body (Press Ombudsman), that certain newspapers were being overtly racist. The research found that 37% of people saw the concerned newspaper as being at least à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fairl y racistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (the other above category being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very racistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), owing to the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s implication of fines on the newspaper if any more à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"racistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ content was published. Other survey research done by European research bodies (such as, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia) includes the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Racism and cultural diversity in the mass mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ report where a similar style of questionnaire design was used. The survey style asks the same type of question i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"how racist do you think this publication/newspaper is?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ providing a spectrum of answers including; slightly racist, fairly racist and very racist. The ethical considerations that need to be addressed here is that one could condemn this research method data saying the questions are too leading or that the opinions of the researcher could play a large role in the data collected. With regards to the former limitation, it is the intention of the research to avoid the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ viewpoint as it would be more or less unusable data for the purposes of this study. By introducing the survey as an academic stud y to identify whether a newspaper is racist is introducing a form of bias; a four point à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Likertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ scale should thus be used. In order to avoid people who like to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sit on the fenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (especially concerning issues of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"racismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), by using a smaller Likert scale, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ viewpoint à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"can be avoided by using a four-point scale in which the respondent is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"forcedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to express some degree of, for example, agreement or disagreementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Davies and Mosdell 2006: 93). Also other ethical considerations were respected including obtaining the consent of the participants and ensuring that their confidentiality and anonymity were maintained. For the content analysis of the Daily Mailà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perceived inciting of racial hatred, the content that will be analysed will be the amount of articles within a time period of 6 months the issue of Islam and Muslims is reported on in a negative manner. The practice of content analysis, established by the likes of Berelson (1971) and Krippendorff (1980) means identifying the sub-components of an issue featured in the text(s) to be analysed and then studying that media in question over a designated set period of time, counting the amount of times they turn up. This method enables the recognition of certain contours of coverage on a certain subject or issue, allowing for questions to be asked such as; did some newspapers repeatedly feature stories related to people of colour and were there periods of increased or lesser coverage surrounding activities of extremist groups? The types of articles that will be used in the research (see appendices for examples) present Muslims and the religion of Islam as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and their difficulties with conflicting issues when integrating themselves within British society. The negative context, in relation to identifying relevant articles will adopt a similar method employed by van Dijkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1991) research. Here the headlines of newspaper articles concerning issues of race were identified and then proceeded to count how many times negative words such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"policeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"riotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were used, illustrating the negative context in which issues concerning ethnic minorities were raised within a certain publication. As Hartmann and Husband (1974, 1976) suggest, this demonstrates how news issues concerning ethnic minorities tend to be based around notions of racial tension or crime problems, identifying members of race grou ps as a problem for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (white society) to deal with. The research will compare the amount of times within a 6 month (do time period here) period these types of articles concerning Islam are presented in the Mail as well as how many times an article concerning the neo-Nazi anti-Muslim group The English Defence League (EDL) is shown. This will hope to demonstrate a correlation between increased amounts of Islamic coverage at a certain time with articles on/activities of the EDL. This will also serve to highlight to an extent, the intensifying nexus between extremist right media and movements (Downing and Husband 2005). With regards to the questionnaires that will be collected, the scope and design need to be established. The scope or amount of participants that the research intends to gather are as follows; 150 readers of The Daily Mail and double that amount, 300 of readers of all other newspapers. As the research method employed to gather this amount of data means standing outside a busy newsagents (W H Smithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in Lime Street Station, Liverpool) and asking people who have bought newspapers to answer a short survey, to attempt to gather any more than that provided would take a considerable amount of time and effort. As people are normally quite reluctant to take part in surveys due to time constraints the survey will not ask for some of the standard demographic information such as age; gender; nationality; ethnicity; religion etc. As well as cutting down on the amount of time it takes to complete a survey and the ethical considerations concerning anonymity of the participants, the demographic information would be irrelevant considering the questions that are being asked. The questionnaire will ask what newspaper the participant reads, usually a quick and easy question to answer considering the people who I will be asking have just recently bought a newspaper from the newsagents and will realise this is what my questionnaire is concerning. The questions will then be presented to the participant asking their opinion on a statement from a spectrum of answers, these being, for the first question: slightly racist, fairly racist and very racist, and for the second question: strongly disagree, disagree, agree and strongly agree. The questions and their framing (with tick boxes) will be as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"How racist do you think a) The Daily Mail b) The Guardian and c) The Daily Star are?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Slightly racist Fairly Racist Very Racist (Repeated for b) and c)) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Do you think the Daily Mail supports extremist groups (such as the English Defence League)?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Strongly disagree ii) Disagree iii)Agree iv) Strongly agree This method does not force a yes or no answer that some participants may be reluctant to give considering the invasive nature of the questions. At the same time it could be considered to be avoiding leading questions. Where the participant may realise the questions are intended to produce certain types of generalisations so they would answer accordingly for the purposes of the research, they have some form of choice in which to express their opinions. The two types of research methods that this paper will be employing will be that of content analysis within a theoretical framework and surveys conducted. The aim is to achieve a form of triangulation in which to infer meanings from when analysing and evaluating the collected data. Data, analysis and discussion Conclusion

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